托福語法：過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)形式與用法

　　過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由 had been+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，因此無人稱變化：

　　I had/I’d been working

　　they had not/hadn’t been working

　　had you been working?

　　had you not/hadn’t you been working?

　　凡不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能有這種時(shí)態(tài)，但動(dòng)詞want(有時(shí)還有wish)除外：

　　The boy was delighted with his new knife.He had been wanting one fora long time.

　　男孩對(duì)新小刀很高興，他早就想要一把了。

　　注意：這一時(shí)態(tài)沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，像They had been picking ap-ples(他們一直在摘蘋果)這樣的句子，最近似的被動(dòng)式是Ap-ples had been picked(蘋果已摘完)，實(shí)際上這兩種說法意思并不相同。(參見下面B3。)

　　B 用法

　　過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)之間的關(guān)系，同現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)之間的關(guān)系相同。

　　1 表示動(dòng)作在所說的過去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開始并持續(xù)到那一時(shí)刻或者在那一時(shí)刻之前剛剛停止時(shí)，常?？梢杂脙蓚€(gè)時(shí)態(tài)中的任一個(gè)(參見第192節(jié)A)：

　　It was now six and he was tired because he had worked since dawn.

　　已經(jīng)6點(diǎn)了，他感到很累，因?yàn)樗麖奶炝疗鹨恢惫ぷ鞯浆F(xiàn)在。相當(dāng)于：

　　It was now six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn.

　　那時(shí)正是6點(diǎn)，他因從一大早就干活而累了。

　　2 用過去完成時(shí)表示的反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)可以作為一種連續(xù)的動(dòng)作用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示：

　　he had tried five times to get her on the phone.

　　他曾試著打了五次電話要找她。

　　He had been trying to get her on the phone.

　　他一直在試著打電話找她。

　　3 一個(gè)用過去完成時(shí)表達(dá)的單一動(dòng)作和一個(gè)用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)的動(dòng)作不同(參見第192節(jié)C)：

　　By six o’clock he had repaired the engine.

　　到6點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)他已經(jīng)修好發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)了。(這項(xiàng)工作已經(jīng)完成。)

　　但He had been repairing the engine(他一直在修理發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī))僅告訴我們他在前面的時(shí)間/前半小時(shí)里做什么，而并不告訴我們這項(xiàng)工作是否完成。

　　另一個(gè)區(qū)別是，由過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作常持續(xù)進(jìn)行直到或甚至超過說話的時(shí)間(這個(gè)時(shí)間是在過去)。而由過去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作雖可以發(fā)生在這一說話時(shí)間之前不久，但動(dòng)作與說話之間可以有較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間間隔：

　　He had been painting the door.

　　他當(dāng)時(shí)一直在油漆門。(油漆大概還未干。)

　　He had painted the door.