托福閱讀題文章怎么理解？

　　托福閱讀文章原型大都選自美國(guó)大學(xué)生使用的教材或者學(xué)術(shù)期刊，文章的選材范圍極其廣泛，涉及有自然科學(xué)包括：天文學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、生物學(xué)、氣象學(xué)等;人文科學(xué)包括：藝術(shù)美學(xué)、考古學(xué)、語(yǔ)言學(xué)、文學(xué)等;社會(huì)科學(xué)包括：政治學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、教育學(xué)、人類學(xué)等學(xué)科。從選材范圍可知道：托福閱讀的文章內(nèi)容不僅對(duì)同學(xué)們的知識(shí)存儲(chǔ)量有一定的要求，同時(shí)對(duì)于我們的理解能力有一定的要求。

　　首先托福閱讀分四個(gè)階段：

　　第一階段：不關(guān)心句子的意義，只關(guān)心語(yǔ)言符號(hào)，比如：貓坐在帽子上飛;黑色的太陽(yáng)

　　第二階段：獲取主題和重點(diǎn)信息，即大的框架結(jié)構(gòu)

　　第三階段：能找出觀點(diǎn)理論并確定觀點(diǎn)的支撐細(xì)節(jié);能分析整體框架。

　　第四階段：針對(duì)某個(gè)特定主題，在很多相關(guān)資料中尋找需要的信息。

　　為什么需要這四個(gè)閱讀階段呢?是由閱讀的三個(gè)特征來決定的：

　　1. 多書面語(yǔ)：詞匯句式復(fù)雜

　　2. 論證嚴(yán)密：觀點(diǎn)闡述嚴(yán)密，邏輯環(huán)環(huán)相扣

　　3. 結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜：多觀點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)

　　下面通過一個(gè)段落具體講解。3分鐘來讀以下段落：

　　Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit).S1 Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct. S2 For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.S3 In fact, several scientists have suggested that the duck bill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs, with their complex battery of grinding teeth, evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants.S4 Othershave blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, which alleged lyate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur egg safter 120 million years of coexistence. S5Some explanations (such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases) fail because there is no way to scientifically test them, and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork.S6

　　全段一共241個(gè)字，6句話，平均每句話都40個(gè)字左右。

　　拿第一句話Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit)為例子，這句話出現(xiàn)了K-T boundary，sedimentation，Cretaceous等詞，不是常見詞匯，而且這句話中包含了原因狀語(yǔ)從句(becauseit is associated...)，非謂語(yǔ)(known as.../found in...),同位語(yǔ)(usually a thin band of sedimentation...)，插入語(yǔ)(K is the tradition abb...)，所以總結(jié)一下，就是生詞多，句式復(fù)雜。

　　第二點(diǎn)觀點(diǎn)闡述嚴(yán)密，邏輯環(huán)環(huán)相扣。這一段第一句話的意思是恐龍滅絕了，緊接著第二句話說到Many explanations have been proposed 。第一個(gè)explanation是把恐龍的滅絕歸咎于開花植物的發(fā)展，但是(except)開花植物在恐龍滅絕前6千萬年前就已經(jīng)進(jìn)化了，進(jìn)而否定了恐龍因?yàn)殚_花植物而滅絕這一解釋。后面in fact這一句話更加證實(shí)了恐龍不是因?yàn)殚_花植物而滅絕。第二個(gè)explanation是因?yàn)椴溉閯?dòng)物吃恐龍蛋導(dǎo)致恐龍滅絕，但是(expect)在其滅絕前，恐龍和哺乳動(dòng)物共處了1.2億年，進(jìn)而否定了恐龍因?yàn)椴溉閯?dòng)物而滅絕。最后一句話Some explanations fail既做了總結(jié)，又表達(dá)出態(tài)度：一些原因不能解釋恐龍滅絕，呼應(yīng)開頭。

　　第三點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，多觀點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)。第一句話Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct 呼應(yīng)主題，交代背景。緊接著Many explanations...，for example后面來列舉解釋恐龍滅絕的原因。some.....原因解釋1，破折號(hào)后面except表示轉(zhuǎn)折，否定前面的原因;in fact 表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，進(jìn)一步解釋說明前面一句話的意思---否定恐龍滅絕是因?yàn)殚_花植物。others...原因解釋2，破折號(hào)后面except表示轉(zhuǎn)折，否定原因2。最后一句話Some explanations fail總結(jié)上文，明確表達(dá)出態(tài)度。整段是分(some......others......)——總(explanations fail)結(jié)構(gòu)。