托福閱讀長難句基礎:擴大詞匯量
不可否認,掌握句子結構對于分析長難句十分重要,但是要想徹底明白句子的含義,除了掌握句子結構之外,還要有豐富的詞匯量。由于托福閱讀文章偏學術性,因此不可避免地會出現(xiàn)一些學術詞匯。然而,托福文章所涉及的文章體裁十分廣泛,想窮盡所有考試中的學術詞匯是不切實際的。我們只需在練習時把遇到的學術詞匯進行整理,僅僅以“認識單詞”為目標,不求會寫、會說,這樣來積累一定的學術詞匯,以保證考試遇到相關學術詞匯時頭腦中有一個基本的概念。
托福閱讀長難句基礎:鞏固語法知識
長難句之所以看不懂,是因為句子結構分析不清楚。而句子結構分析不清楚,其根本原因就是語法知識掌握得不夠牢固。要想把句子結構分析清楚,首先要掌握英語中的五大基本句型。這五種基本句型分別是:
1. 主+謂(例:I swim.)
2. 主+謂+賓(例:I ate an apple.)
3. 主+謂+賓+賓補(例:She found the computer useful.)
4. 主+謂+雙賓(例:He gave me a book.)
5. 主+系+表(He is a doctor.)
掌握以上這幾種基本句型可以幫助你迅速找到句子的主干,而找到句子的主干是分析句子結構的關鍵。長難句之所以會感覺到難,是因為句子中含有很多修飾性成分,這些修飾性成分往往給考生分析句子結構帶來干擾。因此,考生有必要了解常見的修飾性成分都有哪些。
托福閱讀長難句常見復雜修飾性成分介紹
1. 從句(定語從句、狀語從句、同位語從句等)
例:This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valley. 這是一個由which引導的定語從句,先行詞是前面的trees。
2. 介詞短語
例:David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change (in the animal life)(around the fort)(during the period)(between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.)
在這句話中,括號里的都是介詞短語,做修飾成分。in the animal life做定語修飾前面的名詞change;around the fort做地點狀語修飾謂語動詞found,說明發(fā)現(xiàn)的地點;during the period和between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832做時間狀語修飾謂語動詞found,說明發(fā)現(xiàn)的地點。
3. 分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)
This“atmospheric engine”, invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed(outside the coal mines)(for which it had been designed.)
這句話中的過去分詞invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner做后置定語修飾前面的名詞engine。
4. 不定式
The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force.
不定式做目的狀語,表明給予他們方法的目的是什么。
以上就是對托福閱讀長難句兩大基礎和復雜修飾成分的具體介紹,大家在補充了這些知識后,相信面對長難句會有更好的表現(xiàn)。