1. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundraconsists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses,while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there ismuch bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushionplants.
難句類型:復(fù)雜句子結(jié)構(gòu)+大量生僻名詞
本句比較長,理解起來比較有難度,因?yàn)榫渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)有些復(fù)雜,同時(shí)夾雜著眾多的生僻名詞。 如果一個(gè)句子里有超過 5 個(gè)單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)或者不熟悉,對(duì)我們的閱讀都會(huì)構(gòu)成一定的影響。
這句話是一個(gè)表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的復(fù)合句,主句和從句都各有一個(gè)狀語來修飾,表明條件的變化;然后說明在兩種不同條件下植被的構(gòu)成發(fā)生了變化。
整句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的:adjacent to timberline, the tundra consists of shrubs and grassesand so on, while rise up, the species and diversities will decrease. 只要能讀出來這句話的核心意思是“靠近林木線的土地上到處覆蓋著灌木和草,而海拔高度提高的時(shí)候,物種減少直到出現(xiàn)大片的荒地” 就可以了。
Timberline: n. 林木線(樹木生長的極限海拔高度) timber + line Tundra: n. 凍原,苔原
Moss: n. 苔蘚,
Lichen: n. 地衣
prostrate:adj. 俯倒,拜倒
cushion :n. 墊子,墊狀物
譯文:
由于緊挨著林木線,苔原上比較完整地覆蓋著矮灌木、藥材和草地。隨著海拔的增加物種的數(shù)量和多樣性會(huì)逐漸減少,直到出現(xiàn)大片的空地,這些空地僅僅伴有零星的苔蘚和地衣或者一些伏地植物。
2. In order for the structure to achieve the size andstrength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of supportthat, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since peoplefirst discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.
難句類型:復(fù)雜狀語+復(fù)雜句子結(jié)構(gòu)+插入成分+不明顯的倒裝+抽象名詞
雖然表面看來這個(gè)句子沒有什么生詞,但是這個(gè)句子理解起來并不容易,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)的單詞都是比較抽象的單詞,例如 structure, achieve, size, strength, purpose, method,,所以讀句子的時(shí)候讓人覺得不舒服。
句子開頭就是一個(gè)目的狀語,但是這個(gè)狀語很長,讓同學(xué)們搞不清楚誰是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)誰。主句結(jié)構(gòu)是 architectureemploysmethodsof support,但是隨后作者又用 that 引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語從句來修飾 method,并且在定語從句一開始,that 后面直接用 because 引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)插入的句子,割裂了定語從句。
所以完整的復(fù)合句是這樣的:architecture employsmethods of support that have changed little since people first discovered them,到此處作者仍不肯收手,用 even while 引導(dǎo)了最后一個(gè)從句和定語從句做對(duì)比。于是整個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)就變的十分混亂。
實(shí)際上 because they are based on physical laws 在句子中位置稍作調(diào)整,同學(xué)們就可以比較清楚的理解這句話了:architecture employsmethods of support that have changed little since people first discovered them,because they are based on physical laws.
所以本句意思是“建筑學(xué)上采用了一些支撐的方法,這些支撐的方法自它們被人類發(fā)現(xiàn)以來就鮮有變化,,因?yàn)樗鼈兪墙⒃谖锢矶缮系?rdquo;。作者隱含的意思是物理定律不變,所以這些方法不變。
譯文:
建筑結(jié)構(gòu)必須達(dá)到大小和強(qiáng)度的要求,以實(shí)現(xiàn)必要的建筑目的,因此建筑學(xué)上采用一些支撐的方法,這些方法都是以物理定律為基礎(chǔ)的,盡管建筑材料已經(jīng)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化,這些支撐的方法卻自人們發(fā)現(xiàn)它們以來就鮮有變化。
3. There are two principal influences that shape the terrain:constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, anddestructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposedlandforms.
難句類型:并列句做主語從句+插入成分
本句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè) there be 結(jié)構(gòu),句子的主語應(yīng)該是 two principal influences,主句的意思是“兩個(gè)主要的影響決定了地形”,后面的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用冒號(hào),表示冒號(hào)后面使用并列句對(duì)主語進(jìn)行具體解釋,并在每個(gè)并列的分句中都插入了一個(gè)定語從句。
省略掉兩個(gè)并列分句中的由 which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,并列句應(yīng)當(dāng)如下:There are two principal influences that shape the terrain:constructive processes such as uplift, and destructive forces such as erosion.
在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中兩次對(duì)稱地插入了定語從句,把一個(gè)好好的句子弄得四分五裂,雖然作者的邏輯思路是清晰的,但是對(duì)同學(xué)的閱讀造成了不利的 影響。此類型的句子在托福閱讀中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高,同學(xué)們要多練,習(xí)慣了這種句子就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)理解它們并不難。
譯文:
主要有兩種影響會(huì)改變地形:建設(shè)性的過程,如產(chǎn)生新的地表特征的地殼隆起;和破壞性的 力量,如緩慢清除突出地貌的地表侵蝕。
4. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smallerscale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valleyonto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the waterusually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth,fan-shaped slope.
難句類型:復(fù)雜修飾+插入成分
本句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)很簡(jiǎn)單 the same thing happens.
但是作者為了說明是什么同樣的事情發(fā)生而大費(fèi)周章,though on a smaller scale 做插入成分,說明現(xiàn)在是在更小的規(guī)模上發(fā)生同樣的事情,如果跳過這段插入成分,主句和從句連在一起讀就是 The same thing happens to this day, wherever a sediment-laden riveror stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land. 到此處句子并不難理解,但是作者用動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成的短語 dropping its load as thecurrent slows 來修飾從句,表示伴隨發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。并在狀語結(jié)束的時(shí)候用冒號(hào),引出了一個(gè)句子來解釋從句。
譯文:
現(xiàn)代也有冰水沉積,盡管規(guī)模相對(duì)較小。凡是有攜帶泥沙的河流或者溪流從山谷流至相對(duì)平坦的地面時(shí),砂石就隨著水流速度的減慢逐漸沉淀;水流通常呈扇形擴(kuò)散,它們所攜帶的砂 石也會(huì)沉淀為光滑的扇形斜坡。
5. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on enteringa lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloorat first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea levelfalls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
難句類型:復(fù)雜修飾+插入成分
本句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)是 Sediments are also dropped,butwill be located inland at some future date; Such beds are sometimes thousandsof meters thick. 這是一個(gè)由分號(hào)隔開的并列句,分號(hào)前面的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,Sedimentsarealsodropped ,后面跟了一個(gè)由 where 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,緊接著這個(gè)狀語從句又加上了一個(gè)插入結(jié)構(gòu), the depositedsediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first,,然后才開始進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)折 but will be located inland at some future date,但是馬上又跟上了一個(gè)由 when 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。分號(hào)后面的半句比較簡(jiǎn)單 such beds aresometimes thousands of meters thick.
同學(xué)們面對(duì)這樣的句子一定要先找主干,把狀語從句、插入結(jié)構(gòu)紛紛跳過,從紛繁復(fù)雜的句子中找出主干來,才能不被 ETS 出題人改寫的句子所迷惑。
譯文:
當(dāng)河流匯入湖泊和海洋的時(shí)候也會(huì)有沉淀,這些沉淀最初在湖底或海底,但將來海平面 下降或者陸地崛起時(shí),它們就會(huì)分布于內(nèi)陸,通常厚達(dá)幾千米。
6. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground mayoverlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil;if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravelsand sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated withgroundwater.
難句類型:復(fù)雜修飾+省略
本句也是一個(gè)由分號(hào)隔開的并列句,主句結(jié)構(gòu)是 almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed ofa river; if they are now below the water’s upper surface, they will besaturated with groundwater.
但是作者在 river 后面用 that 引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語從句修飾一下 river,在 surface 后面用括號(hào)和兩個(gè)插入成分 the gravels and sandsof the former riverbed,and its sandbars,打亂了分號(hào)前后兩個(gè)并列句自己內(nèi)部的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)的連貫性,所以閱讀時(shí)就十分困難。
所以我們的對(duì)策仍然是先讀主干,不重要的定語、狀語、同位語、插入成分紛紛略過,讀出核心意思來即可。
譯文:
低地區(qū)域上的任何位置可能就是曾經(jīng)的河床,后續(xù)被土壤覆蓋而變成現(xiàn)在的樣子。如果那些河床和沙洲現(xiàn)在位于地下水位之下,一定會(huì)有大量的地下水浸在它們的沙礫和沙石之間。
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