托福閱讀材料之The Prefrontal Cortex with Age

　　The prefrontal cortex is the region of the brain located just behind the forehead, where higher-level cognition occurs, such as recalling whether a word was heard aloud or read. Most people show evidence of more processing on one side of the cortex, the right side. However, research has shown that many elderly people use both hemispheres more equally, thus processing bilaterally.

　　This discovery led to two opposing theories as to why. One theory supposes that this change in the prefrontal cortex is part of the general decline of the body, that bilateral processing is evidence of malfunctioning. The other theory supposes that enlisting the help of the other hemisphere of the prefrontal cortex is a way to compensate for reduced capacity in the more active hemisphere; that is, the brain is making up for its own failings.

　　Scientists conducted a range of cognitive tests with older adults in their 60’s and 70’s. Then chose two smaller groups from those subjects–those who performed high on the tests, and those who performed low. The scientists then administered two of the same tests to the two groups of older adults, as well as to a group of young adults between the ages of 20 and 35 while the subjects’ brains were PET scanned. What they found was that the high-performing older adults showed significantly more use of bilateral processing than did anyone else.

　　The research supports the theory that bilateral processing is a way to compensate for reduced capacity of the right hemisphere with age. Further research may examine how training individuals or using drugs to enhance bilateral processing affects diseases such as Alzheimer’s.

　　前額皮質(zhì)位于前額之后區(qū)域，作用于高級(jí)認(rèn)知，比如，回憶是否聽(tīng)過(guò)或讀過(guò)某個(gè)單詞。大多數(shù)人右側(cè)大腦皮層更發(fā)達(dá)。而研究顯示，一些老年人均衡使用左右腦，因此左右腦相當(dāng)。

　　產(chǎn)生了兩種截然不同理論來(lái)解釋這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。一種理論是這種改變是因?yàn)檎w機(jī)能衰退，大腦協(xié)調(diào)分工失常。另一種觀點(diǎn)則認(rèn)為左腦協(xié)助右腦工作，是在彌補(bǔ)更活躍的右腦機(jī)能的衰退，也就是說(shuō)，這種情況是在彌補(bǔ)大腦自身機(jī)能的衰退。

　　科學(xué)家針對(duì)60歲到70歲的老人做過(guò)一組認(rèn)知測(cè)試。從中刪選出兩小組：一組測(cè)試表現(xiàn)好的;一組測(cè)試表現(xiàn)差的?？茖W(xué)家對(duì)這兩組老人和一組年齡在20歲到35歲的受試者進(jìn)行相同測(cè)試，并掃描受試者大腦。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，比起其他兩組，測(cè)試表現(xiàn)好的老人均衡使用左右腦。

　　研究結(jié)果表明后者觀點(diǎn)是正確的，左右腦合作是為了彌補(bǔ)因?yàn)槟昀纤ネ说挠覀?cè)大腦機(jī)能。研究的下一步是證明個(gè)體能否通過(guò)訓(xùn)練或服用藥物提高左右腦功能均衡發(fā)展，預(yù)防老年癡呆癥。

　　prefrontal cortex: 前額皮質(zhì)

　　PET: 性能鑒定(positron emission tomography)

　　Alzheimer's: 老年癡呆癥

　　compensate：彌補(bǔ)