托福閱讀考前點(diǎn)睛系列(三)：句子簡(jiǎn)化題

　　在新托?？荚嚠?dāng)中，閱讀是第一個(gè)部分，一共會(huì)考到3篇或者4篇文章，每篇文章700-800字左右，每篇文章之后會(huì)有13-14個(gè)題目。很多同學(xué)面對(duì)這樣托福閱讀文章，感覺(jué)無(wú)從下手，甚至有時(shí)即使看懂了文章，題目也無(wú)法選對(duì)，那么應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對(duì)這種情況呢?在這個(gè)系列中，給大家就托福閱讀的具體解題技巧進(jìn)行剖析講解，作為考前沖刺，給大家考試助力，點(diǎn)睛指導(dǎo)!

　　本期主要介紹新托福考試新題型之句子簡(jiǎn)化題

　　III 句子簡(jiǎn)化題 Sentence Simplification questions

　　句子簡(jiǎn)化題是新題型之一，在這里我們相信的講解一下。對(duì)于句子簡(jiǎn)化題，有一些題目如果句子不長(zhǎng)，我們做題的基本原則就是：同義替換。找到原句中的關(guān)鍵的詞在選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中進(jìn)行同義替換。例如，

　　In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.

　　Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

　　B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

　　C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

　　D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

　　先來(lái)看題干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　該題要求從選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)能夠表達(dá)原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。很多同學(xué)采用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然后逐個(gè)翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。這種做法不僅浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且對(duì)我們的讀句子的能力要求極高。更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。這是考題當(dāng)中為數(shù)不多的原句比較簡(jiǎn)單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在于強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分(apart from)。因此找到同義替換，即是C項(xiàng)當(dāng)中的distinguished。但是大多數(shù)題目的原文不會(huì)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，多數(shù)是帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句。那么簡(jiǎn)單的同義替換技巧就無(wú)法操作了。如何快速解決這種題型呢?我們主要分兩個(gè)部分來(lái)解析。

　　其實(shí)，我們?cè)谧x原句的時(shí)候并不需要完整的徹底的攝取信息，相反，我們通過(guò)快速瀏覽，只需要關(guān)注兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：一是原句當(dāng)中的表示程度，頻率的詞，二是原句當(dāng)中的邏輯關(guān)系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速瀏覽將所關(guān)注的信息點(diǎn)抓住即可，這樣便節(jié)省了大量的時(shí)間。

　　The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

　　Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

　　B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.

　　C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

　　D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

　　解題思路：

　　句子中最核心的信息首先就是該句的邏輯關(guān)系。原句的邏輯關(guān)系可以由result from 來(lái)判斷，為因果關(guān)系。借此我們就可以縮小選項(xiàng)范圍，首先排除掉C,D選項(xiàng)。剩下的A,B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)均包含因果的邏輯關(guān)系。接下來(lái)我們可以根據(jù)句子的第二種核心信息：主語(yǔ)，來(lái)判斷。原句的主語(yǔ)是Desertification沙漠化，而B(niǎo)項(xiàng)的主語(yǔ)是Slowing down the process of desertification減緩沙漠化進(jìn)程。所以排除掉B選項(xiàng)，A為正確答案。

　　將通過(guò)程度詞解題和借助邏輯關(guān)系解題結(jié)合起來(lái)，對(duì)于解答帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句的釋義題很有幫助。我們看一下下面這道題目：

　　It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.

　　Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.

　　B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.

　　C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.

　　D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.

　　(本題節(jié)選自，新托?？荚噦淇疾呗耘c模擬試題，群言出版社，P150，第1題)

　　瀏覽原句，從because可以看出邏輯關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系，并且原句當(dāng)中有絕對(duì)化詞匯most。僅僅憑借most這個(gè)程度很強(qiáng)的詞匯我們可以排除C選項(xiàng)。因?yàn)樵漠?dāng)中帶有絕對(duì)化詞匯而選項(xiàng)中沒(méi)有，那么這個(gè)選項(xiàng)為必錯(cuò)選項(xiàng)。接下來(lái)利用邏輯關(guān)系排除A項(xiàng)，A中為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。而B(niǎo)恰恰有because 這個(gè)詞，此外B中的extremely可以作為most的同義替換。正確答案為B。

　　幾乎每一篇文章后面都會(huì)有一道釋義題，因此考生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)練習(xí)。平時(shí)在閱讀文章，或者報(bào)刊雜志的時(shí)候不僅僅要把注意力放在讀懂原文上，還應(yīng)該注意原文的邏輯關(guān)系，培養(yǎng)根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系思考的習(xí)慣。另外，一些程度詞的存在也會(huì)影響我們對(duì)原文的精確理解，平時(shí)閱讀的時(shí)候應(yīng)當(dāng)多加關(guān)注。