綜觀近年來的高考單項(xiàng)填空題,動(dòng)詞成為考查的熱點(diǎn),在15個(gè)單項(xiàng)選擇中,考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的題一般不少于2道,動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)常和語態(tài)、主謂一致結(jié)合在一起進(jìn)行考查。然而,英語時(shí)態(tài)多達(dá)16種,常用的也有8種之多,且近幾年的高考在考查時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),形式靈活多樣,多體現(xiàn)在上下文語境中,且融多個(gè)考點(diǎn)于一題, 這樣無形中增加了試題的難度。其實(shí),縱觀近幾年的時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)題,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其命題的三個(gè)角度:一是直接給定時(shí)間狀語,考生可直接根據(jù)所給時(shí)間狀語作出選擇;二是給定時(shí)間狀語,但所給時(shí)間狀語有著較強(qiáng)的干擾性和迷惑性,考生不能直接根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語進(jìn)行選擇;三是題干中不提供任何時(shí)間狀語,而給出一個(gè)上下文情景或一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜的句子,考生必須仔細(xì)分析語境,才能作出判斷并選擇最佳答案。
二、真題再現(xiàn)與技巧點(diǎn)播
答題時(shí),研讀題干,搜索出盡可能多的“時(shí)間參考信息”,如:haven’t said, was doing等,這些表達(dá)中都含有時(shí)間信息,發(fā)現(xiàn)和有效利用這些信息是解決問題的關(guān)鍵。解決時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)問題,要遵循如下解題思路:
① 這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能發(fā)生在什么時(shí)間?題干句中可參照的時(shí)間信息有那些?
② 這個(gè)動(dòng)作處于什么時(shí)態(tài),是進(jìn)行中,還是已經(jīng)結(jié)束(完成)?限制或修飾這個(gè)動(dòng)作的狀語信息有哪些?
③ 這個(gè)動(dòng)作與主語的關(guān)系,是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)?
只要全面細(xì)致地考慮了這些問題的答案,試題的正確答案也就水落石出了。具體技巧如下:
(一)根據(jù)題干中的時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞選擇時(shí)態(tài)
1.---The window is dirty.
--- I know. It ________ for weeks. (04全國卷III)
A.hasn’t clean B.didn’t clean
C.wasn’t cleaned D.hasn’t been cleaned
答案:D 根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語for weeks可知道用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),表示已經(jīng)有好幾周沒擦窗了。并且主語It (即the window)與clean 是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故選D
2.Scientists think that the continents always where they today. (05北京)
A.aren’t; are B.aren’t; were C.weren’t; are D.weren’t; were
答案:C 本題考查時(shí)態(tài)。由第二個(gè)空后的時(shí)間狀語today可知第二個(gè)空應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),故淘汰B、D兩項(xiàng),又因?yàn)榫渥觾?nèi)容是在不同時(shí)期的continents的位置進(jìn)行對比,因此,應(yīng)選擇C項(xiàng)。
3.They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far. (05江蘇)
A.had been working; are still working B.had worked; were still working
C.have worked; were still working D.have worked; are still working
答案:A 此題考查的是時(shí)態(tài)問題。從before引導(dǎo)的從句中的過去時(shí)態(tài)可知主句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為過去完成時(shí)。故排除C、D。now一詞提示用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),表示“他們一直工作了一周”,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)。故答案為A。
4.The country life he was used to greatly since 1992. (05山東)
A.change B.has changed C.changing D.have changed
答案:B句中有since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語,這說明主句應(yīng)為完成時(shí),淘汰A、C。又因主語life為單數(shù),淘汰D項(xiàng),故選B。
5.With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth each year. (05山東)
A.is washing away B.is being washed away
C.are washing away D.are being washed away
答案:D句意為“隨著更多森林被毀,每年有許多良田被沖”。本題考查主謂一致及被動(dòng)語態(tài)問題。a large quantity of /large quantities of 后既可以加不可數(shù)名詞也可以加復(fù)數(shù)名詞,其謂語動(dòng)詞與quantity的數(shù)保持一致。
6.--________David and Vicky ________married?
--For about three years.(2003北京)
A.How long were;being B.How long have;got
C.How long have;been D.How long did;get
答案C 從答語For about three years判斷,該題問的是動(dòng)作持續(xù)了多久,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),排除A、D選項(xiàng)。get married強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)婚這一動(dòng)作,不能延續(xù),排除B。be married表示已婚的狀態(tài),可以延續(xù)。
[命題角度]
動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)須與句中時(shí)間狀語一致。高考題常在題干中加入具體情景,以測試考生對動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)的實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力。
[應(yīng)對策略]
敏銳捕捉時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞,并結(jié)合具體的語境,選擇出正確的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。
(二)根據(jù)主從句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的原則選擇時(shí)態(tài)
7.When the old man to walk back to his house, the sun itself behind the mountain. (05湖北)
A.started; had already hidden B.had started; had already hidden
C.had started; was hiding D.was starting; hid
答案:A 此題考查的是時(shí)態(tài)問題。此題句意為“當(dāng)老人開始往家走時(shí),太陽已經(jīng)下山了”。太陽落山的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在開始往家走之前,即從句用一般過去時(shí),主句用過去完成時(shí)。故選A。
8.--- What would you do if it tomorrow? (05全國)
--- We have to carry it on , since we’ve got everything ready .
A.rain B.rains C.will rain D.is raining
答案:B 在條件狀語從句(if,as long as,even if)、時(shí)間狀語從句(when,until,before,the moment…)中往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。
9.They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far. (05江蘇)
A.had been working; are still working B.had worked; were still working
C.have worked; were still working D.have worked; are still working
答案:A 此題考查的是時(shí)態(tài)問題。從before引導(dǎo)的從句中的過去時(shí)態(tài)可知主句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為過去完成時(shí)。故排除C、D。now一詞提示用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),表示“他們一直工作了一周”,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)。故答案為A。
10.As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when and see him. (05北京)
A.you will come B.will you come C.you come D.do you come
答案:A本題考查賓語從句的語序和時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)賓語從句應(yīng)使用陳述語序,淘汰B、D 兩項(xiàng),又因?yàn)橘e語從句come和see發(fā)生的時(shí)間為將來的動(dòng)作就直接選用將來時(shí)態(tài)。只有在狀語從句中才可以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作,而賓語從句中不可,因此淘汰C。
[命題角度]
近年來的高考試題一般不再單純考查主從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng),而是將其放在真實(shí)的并且符合實(shí)際的語境中進(jìn)行考查,也會(huì)結(jié)合強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)等其它語法現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行考查。
[應(yīng)對策略]
在根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)原則解題時(shí),要把握好以下幾點(diǎn):
①在時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示一般將來時(shí)態(tài),一般過去時(shí)態(tài)表示過去將來時(shí)態(tài),用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)表示將來完成時(shí)態(tài)。
② 正確認(rèn)定主句動(dòng)詞及從句動(dòng)詞兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,并認(rèn)真體會(huì)命題者所給出的語境。
③ 解答賓語從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)題時(shí),考生應(yīng)熟知以下規(guī)則: 如果主句動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),則從句動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài); 如果主句動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)態(tài),則從句動(dòng)詞須用合適的過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)(表示客觀真理時(shí)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài))。
(三)根據(jù)具體的語言環(huán)境選擇時(shí)態(tài)
11.Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science_________ that people who don’t sleep well will soon get ill.(05廣東)
A.showed B.will show C.has shown D.is showing
答案:C用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),關(guān)鍵詞是recent。
12.The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I before. (05全國卷II)
A.was having B.have C.have ever had D.had ever had
答案:C在句子的情景中,表示“從來沒有嘗過這么美味的咖啡”。故選C
13.(05全國)The hero’s story differently in the newspapers.
A.was reported B.was reporting C.reports D.reported
答案:A句意為“那位英雄的故事與在報(bào)紙上報(bào)道的不一樣”。根據(jù)句意可判斷英雄的事跡被報(bào)道為過去的事,所以用過去時(shí)的某個(gè)語態(tài),排除C項(xiàng);B、D兩項(xiàng)為主動(dòng)語態(tài),不符合題干要求。
14.Now that she is out of job, Lucy ______ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. (04北京)
A.had considered B.has been considering
C.considered D.is going to consider
答案:B 根據(jù)所提供的情景but she hasn’t decided yet 說明了Lucy 還在考慮這件事,要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),表示動(dòng)作還在繼續(xù)。
[命題角度]
近年來高考試題對時(shí)態(tài)考查的要求越來越高,大部分試題趨向情境化、實(shí)際化。
[應(yīng)對策略]
捕捉信息,理解情境,綜合運(yùn)用,靈活答題。
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