語(yǔ)態(tài)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式,用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)態(tài)分主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,或者說(shuō)主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,即主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。如:
We clean the room every day.我們每天打掃房間。(we是clean的執(zhí)行者)
The room is cleaned every day.房間每天都打掃。(room是clean的對(duì)象)
注意: 由于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語(yǔ),因此只有及物動(dòng)詞才可能有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
1.動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不明確用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
當(dāng)我們不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí),或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
The glass is broken.玻璃杯被打破了。
Letters are collected at eight every morning.每天早晨八點(diǎn)收取信件。
His bike has been stolen.他的自行車被人偷走了。
2.動(dòng)作的承受者是談話的中心時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者,使動(dòng)作的承受者成為談話的中心時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
The desk was made by Master Wang.這張課桌是王師傅做的。
The bag was taken away by his sister.那個(gè)口袋是她姐姐提走的。
The man was hit by a speeding car.這人被一輛超速的車撞倒了。
The plan has already been made.計(jì)劃已經(jīng)制訂好了。
3.句法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要
(1)在上下文中,為了使句子間連接緊密時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
I have a new motorbike.It was given to me as a birthday present by my father.我有輛新摩托車。它是父親送給我的生日禮物。
(2)在新聞報(bào)道中,為了表明報(bào)道的客觀性而避免主觀性的透露時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
A car accident happened on the high way this morning.Three men were killed,the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event.今天早晨高速公路上發(fā)生了一起車禍,三人喪生,傷員馬上被送往醫(yī)院,并立即派了警察去處理這一事件。
(3)在科技論文中,常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀事實(shí)。如:
When it is cold enough,water will be turned into ice.當(dāng)天氣足夠冷時(shí),水就會(huì)變成冰。
So far,the moon has been visited by earthmen several times.到目前為止,地球人已經(jīng)幾次拜訪了月亮。
(4)有些習(xí)慣用法常以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式出現(xiàn)。如:
I am determined to do better than Mike.我決心比邁克做得更好。
We should be devoted to what we do.我們應(yīng)致力于我們所做的工作。
I 'm very interested in fine arts.我對(duì)美術(shù)非常感興趣。
She was seated by the window.她坐在窗戶旁。
He is dressed very well.他穿得很得體。
Marcia was born in Malaysia in 1995.瑪西婭1995年出生于馬來(lái)西亞。
[歌訣巧記](méi) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法巧記歌訣:
誰(shuí)做的動(dòng)作不知道,說(shuō)出誰(shuí)做的沒(méi)必要;
突出承受者或禮貌,用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)不了。
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