初中英語語法大全：直接引語和間接引語
1定義：直接引語和間接引語：在陳述句中,直接引用說話人原來的語句,稱為直接引語。在書寫時(shí),直接引語用引號(hào)。用自己的詞語來轉(zhuǎn)述表達(dá)原來說話人說的內(nèi)容,稱為間接引語。
2、直接引語改變?yōu)殚g接引語：
直接引語如果是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下各點(diǎn)：
?、俨挥靡?hào),而用連接詞that,但有時(shí)可省略。
?、谌朔Q作相應(yīng)變化;
如：She said, “I went to see Mr. Liu yesterday.” 她說：“我昨天去看過劉老師了。”
She said that she had gone to see Mr. Liu the day before. 她說那天她去看過劉老師了。
?、蹠r(shí)態(tài)的變化列表如下：
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直接引語 |
間接引語 |
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一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： “I am very glad to visit your workshop,” she said. “我很高興參觀你們的車間。”她說。 |
一般過去時(shí)： She said that she was very glad to visit our workshop. 她說她很高興參觀我們的車間。 |
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正在進(jìn)行時(shí)： “I am checking your homework now,”his mother said. “我現(xiàn)在正在檢查你的作業(yè)，”他母親說。 |
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)： His mother said that she was checking his homework then. 他母親說她當(dāng)時(shí)正在檢查他的作業(yè)。 |
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現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： “Have you handed in the money for the tickets?”the monitor asked. “你交票款了嗎?”班長(zhǎng)問。 |
過去完成時(shí)： The monitor asked me if I had handed in the money for the tickets. 班長(zhǎng)問我是否交票款了。 |
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一般過去時(shí)： She said, “My mother took me to an exhibition yesterday.” 她說，“我母親昨天帶我去看了展覽。” |
過去完成時(shí)： She said that her mother had taken her to an exhibition the day before. 她說她母親前一天帶她去看了展覽。 |
但是，要注意下面的情況：直接引語說的是科學(xué)真理、格言時(shí)，無論主句用何時(shí)態(tài)，間接引語仍用一般時(shí)。如：
The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”老師說：“太陽在東方升起，在西邊落下。”
The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
3、直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),指示代詞以及表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的詞或詞組應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化
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直接引語 |
間接引語 |
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指示代詞 |
this |
that |
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these |
those |
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時(shí)間狀語 |
now |
then |
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today |
that day |
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this morning(afternoon…) |
that morning(afternoon…) |
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tonight |
that night |
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yesterday |
the day before |
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last night |
the night before |
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the day before yesterday |
two days before |
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the day after tomorrow |
in two days |
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ago |
before |
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tomorrow |
the next (following) day |
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next week(year…) |
the next week (year…) |
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地點(diǎn)狀語 |
here |
there |
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方向性動(dòng)詞 |
come |
go |
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bring |
take |
記憶方法：
直接引語祈使句，變成間接引語的“順口溜”是：去掉引號(hào)要加to;ask order須記住，直接引語是否定式，not加在to前部。
對(duì)于人稱變化，要求學(xué)生們記住的“順口溜”是：第一人稱看主語，第二人稱看賓語，賓語若是不存在，活用代詞I, me, my
直接引語是特殊疑問句，變成間接引語的“順口溜”是：直接去引號(hào)，陳述莫忘掉，小心助動(dòng)詞，丟它最重要。
直接引語為一般疑問句，變成間接引語的“順口溜”是：去掉引號(hào)加if，陳述語序要記住，時(shí)態(tài)人稱和狀語，小心變化別馬虎。
直接引語為陳述句，變成間接引語的“順口溜”是：去掉引號(hào)加that
4.直接引語可以變?yōu)殚g接引語，直接引語主要四種類型變化
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直接引語是陳述句時(shí) |
間接引語用that來引導(dǎo)。主句一般位于 句首，其謂語動(dòng)詞通常是say, tell think,repeat,answer,reply,explain， declare, whisper等。實(shí)際是主句中含 賓語從句，一律必須跟一個(gè)賓格代詞或表 示人的名詞，再跟that從句。 |
1 “I’m leaving for Beijingthe day after tomorrow,” he said to his son. 他對(duì)他兒子說：“我后天要去北京了。” He told his son that he was leaving forBeijingin two days. 2．The interpreter said, “Ladies and gentlemen, the foreign guests arrived here yesterday.” 譯員說：“女士們，先生們，外國(guó)客人昨天到了。” The interpreter told the ladies and gentlemen that the foreigners had arrived there the day before.
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直接引語是疑問句時(shí) |
要先將主句的said或told改為asked， 引語將疑問句語序改為陳述句語序，句 末用逗號(hào)。
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一般疑問句時(shí) |
要將問句改為由if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 1．“Are they all in favor of open policy?” the president said to me. 校長(zhǎng)問我：“他們都贊成開放政策嗎？”(直接引語) The president asked me whether(if) they were all in favor of the open policy. (間接引語) |
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特殊疑問句時(shí) |
就用原來的疑問詞作連詞來引導(dǎo)賓語從句 2. “Who will help me finish the job?” she asked.“誰愿意幫我完成這項(xiàng)工作？”她問道。（直接引語為特殊疑問句） She asked who would help her finish the job.( 間接引語疑問代詞who引導(dǎo))
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選擇疑問句時(shí) |
須用whether(不用if)…or引導(dǎo)賓語從句。凡是疑問句的直接引語均不可用that來引導(dǎo)。 3．“Will you stay at school or go home this summer vacation, Tom?” said the Mary.瑪麗問：“湯姆，今年暑假你留校還是回家？”(直接引語) Mary asked Tom whether he would stay at school or went home that summer vacation. (間接引語) |
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直接引語是祈使句時(shí) |
1.多用“名詞（代詞）＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu) 即主語+asked(advised…)+sb.+(not) to do sth.” 2.謂語動(dòng)詞用asked, told, advised, ordered, begged, commanded, warned. |
1．“Copy down this sentence and keep it in mind, please.” said the old teacher. “把這個(gè)句子抄下來，并把它記住，”那位老師說。(直接引語) The old teacher told us to copy down that sentence and keep it in mind. (間接引語) 2．“Don’t do that again, boys.” Said the old man. “別再做那種事，男孩子們，”那位長(zhǎng)輩說。(直接引語)The old man advised the boys not to do that again. (間接引語) 有些表示“提議，建議，要求，勸告”的祈使句，尤其是Let引導(dǎo)的祈使句，改為間接引語時(shí)可用suggest, insist, offer等動(dòng)詞或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”加以轉(zhuǎn)述。如： 3．“Let’s have a cup of milk.” said the young man. “我們飲杯牛奶吧!”這位年輕人說。(直接引語) The young man suggested having a cup of milk. (間接引語)=The young man suggested that we should have a cup of milk. (間接引語)
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直接引語是感嘆句 |
可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)。 |
“What a lovely day it is today!” said the visitor.“今天天氣多好啊!”游客說。(直接引語) The visitor said what a lovely day it was that day. (間接引語) The visitor said that it was a lovely day that day. (間接引語) |
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