10. 獨立主格
10.1 獨立主格
(一): 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成:
名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞;
名詞(代詞)+形容詞;
名詞(代詞)+副詞;
名詞(代詞)+不定式;
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構(gòu)成。
(二) 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點:
1)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。
2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關系。
3)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結(jié)束了,我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統(tǒng)被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結(jié)束后,每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
10.2 With的復合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨立主格
表伴隨時,既可用分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu),也可用with的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。
with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例題
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時,其主語常常用with來引導。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關系,因此用過去分詞,選D.
注意:
1) 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問題:
當介詞是in時,其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復數(shù)。但 with 的復合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時,及物動詞用現(xiàn)在分 詞,不及物動詞用過去分詞。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例題:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒有連詞,它不是復合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號,且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷,本句中使用的是獨立結(jié)構(gòu), 其結(jié)構(gòu)為:名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動,應用現(xiàn)在分詞,故選B。
如果不會判斷獨立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉,再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。