狀語從句-英語語法

　　19. 狀語從句

　　19.1 地點狀語從句

　　地點狀語從句通常由where, wherever 引導(dǎo)。

　　Where I live there are plenty of trees.

　　我住的地方樹很多。

　　Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.

　　不管我在哪里我都會想到你。

　　19.1 地點狀語從句

　　地點狀語從句通常由where, wherever 引導(dǎo)。

　　Where I live there are plenty of trees.

　　我住的地方樹很多。

　　Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.

　　不管我在哪里我都會想到你。

　　19.2 方式狀語從句

　　方式狀語從句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。

　　1) as, (just) as…so…引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文體，例如：

　　Always do to the others as you would be done by.

　　你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。

　　As water is to fish, so air is to man.

　　我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。

　　Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

　　正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。

　　2) as if, as though

　　兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：

　　They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

　　他們完全忽略了這些事實，就仿佛它不存在似的。(與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)

　　He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.

　　他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。(與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)

　　It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

　　看來天氣很快就會好起來。(實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。)

　　說明：as if / as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語，例如：

　　He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.

　　他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。

　　He cleared his throat as if to say something.

　　他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。

　　The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.

　　波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒。

　　19.3 原因狀語從句

　　比較：because, since, as和for

　　1)　because語勢最強，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。

　　I didn’t go, because I was afraid.

　　Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

　　2)　由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。

　　He is absent today, because / for he is ill.

　　He must be ill, for he is absent today.

　　19.4 目的狀語從句

　　表示目的狀語的從句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導(dǎo)，例如：

　　You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.

　　He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.

　　Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

　　19.5 結(jié)果狀語從句

　　結(jié)果狀語從句常由so… that 或 such…that引導(dǎo)，掌握這兩個句型，首先要了解so 和 such與其后的詞的搭配規(guī)律。

　　比較：so和 such

　　其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。

　　so foolish　　　　　　　such a fool

　　so nice a flower　　　　such a nice flower

　　so many / few flowers　 such nice flowers

　　so much / little money. such rapid progress

　　so many people　　　　　such a lot of people

　　( so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。)

　　so…that與such…that之間的轉(zhuǎn)換既為 so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.

　　He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school

　　19.6 條件狀語從句

　　連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.

　　if 引導(dǎo)的條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。非真實條件句已在虛擬語氣中闡述。

　　unless = if not.

　　Let’s go out for a walk unless you are too tired.

　　If you are not too tied, let’s go out for a walk.

　　典型例題

　　You will be late ___ you leave immediately.

　　A. unless　 B. until　 C. if　　D. or

　　答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否則你就回遲到的?？赊D(zhuǎn)化為 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.　B、D句意不對，or表轉(zhuǎn)折，句子如為 You leave immediately or you will be late.

　　19.7 讓步狀語從句

　　though, although

　　注意： 當有though, although時，后面的從句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用

　　Although it’s raining, they are still working in the field.

　　雖然在下雨，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫睢?/p>

　　He is very old, but he still works very hard.

　　雖然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。

　　Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.

　　傷口雖愈合，但傷疤留下了。 (諺語)

　　典型例題

　　1) ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.

　　A. When　B. However　 C. Although　 D. Unless

　　答案：C。意為雖然她很年輕，卻知道許多。

　　2)　as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句

　　as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前(形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前)。

　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

　　= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.

　　注意： a.　句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。

　　b.　句首是實義動詞，其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。

　　Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

　　= Though he tries hard, he never seems…

　　雖然他盡了努力，但他的工作總做的不盡人意。

　　3)　ever if, even though.　即使

　　We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

　　4) whether…or-　 不管……都

　　Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

　　5)　"no matter +疑問詞" 或"疑問詞+后綴ever"

　　No matter what happened, he would not mind.

　　Whatever happened, he would not mind.

　　替換：no matter what = whatever

　　no matter who = whoever

　　no matter when = whenever

　　no matter where = wherever

　　no matter which = whichever

　　no matter how = however

　　注意：no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。

　　(錯)No matter what you say is of no use now.

　　(對)Whatever you say is of no use now.

　　你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。(Whatever you say是主語從句)

　　(錯)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given,

　　(對)Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given.　囚犯們只能給什么吃什么。

　　19.8 比較while, when, as

　　1)as, when 引導(dǎo)短暫性動作的動詞。

　　Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.

　　2)當從句的動作發(fā)生于主句動作之前，只能用when 引導(dǎo)這個從句，不可用as 或 while。

　　When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.

　　3)從句表示"隨時間推移"連詞能用as，不用when 或while。

　　As the day went on, the weather got worse.

　　日子一天天過去，天氣越變越壞。

　　19.9 比較until和till

　　此兩個連詞意義相同?？隙ㄐ问奖硎镜囊馑际?quot;做某事直至某時"，動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達的意思是"直至某時才做某事"。動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可　以。 正確使用這兩個連詞的關(guān)鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動詞該用肯定式還是否定式。

　　肯定句：

　　I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時醒了。

　　Wait till I call you.　 等著我叫你。

　　(在肯定句中可用before代替 Let’s get in the wheat before the sun sets.)

　　否定句：

　　She didn’t arrive until 6 o’clock.

　　她直到6點才到。

　　Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.

　　公共汽車停穩(wěn)后再下車。

　　I didn’t manage to do it until you had explained how.　 直到你教我后，我才會做。

　　1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。

　　Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.

　　直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點也不知道。

　　2)Until when 疑問句中，until要放在句首。

　　---Until when are you staying?　你呆到什么時候?

　　--- Until next Monday.　呆到下周一。

　　注意：否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。

　　(1)Not until …在句首，主句用倒裝。

　　Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.

　　直到19 世紀初，人類才知道熱能是什么。

　　Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

　　直到我開始工作，我才認識到了我已蹉跎了幾多歲月。

　　(2)　It is not until… that…

　　19.10 表示"一…就…"的結(jié)構(gòu)

　　hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than　和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：

　　I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.

　　I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

　　As soon as I got home, it began to rain.

　　注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

　　No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.