2016年公共英語三級考試經(jīng)典語法講解之虛擬語氣

　　虛擬語氣

　　虛擬語氣表示與客觀事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，由if虛擬條件從句和主句構(gòu)成。

　　一、虛擬語氣的基本內(nèi)容

　　根據(jù)虛擬與其這種與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)所對應(yīng)的時間不同，虛擬語氣的if虛擬條件從句與主句的謂語動詞分別有三類構(gòu)成形式：

　　假設(shè)類型If虛擬條件從句

　　主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 Did/were Would/should do 與過去事實(shí)相反 Had done Would/should have done 與將來事實(shí)可能相反 Were to do/did/should do Would/should do

　　例：1、I wouldn't talk that way if I were Peter.

　　2、If the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money

　　would have been lost

　　3、Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.

　　4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.

　　5、Do you think there would be less conflict (戰(zhàn)斗、斗爭) in the world if all people spoke the same language.

　　6、If Bob had come with us, he would have had a good time.

　　二、if的省略形式(又稱虛擬語氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))

　　在if虛擬條件從句中，如果謂語部分包含were，should，had等詞，則可以把這些詞放到主語前，省略if，構(gòu)成虛擬語氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　三、主句與從句時間不一致時虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成

　　當(dāng)虛擬語氣的if虛擬條件從句和主句的動作發(fā)生的時間不一致時，要根據(jù)各自表示的時間采用對應(yīng)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成形式。

　　例：1、If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.

　　2、If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now.

　　四、主觀傾向性動詞引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成

　　在英語中存在一些動詞，表示建議、命令、要求等主觀的傾向，由這些動詞引導(dǎo)的that賓語從句中，從句的謂語動詞要用should+動詞原形，should可以省略。這類常見的主觀傾向性動詞有“一堅(jiān)持、二命令、三建議、五要求”，分別是：

　　一堅(jiān)持：insist 二命令：order、command 三建議：suggest、advise(n advice)、propose(提議、建議) 五要求：ask、demand、require、request、desire

　　例：1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life.

　　2、His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out. 同時，如果在題干中出現(xiàn)上面這些主觀傾向性動詞的名詞和形容詞形式，題干中從句部分的謂語動詞也要用should+動詞原形，should可以省略?？荚囍谐Ｒ姷脑~匯有：order，command，suggestion，advice，proposal，demand，request，desire，advisable，desirable.

　　五、wish that和if only引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成

　　Wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和if only引起的感嘆句都用虛擬語氣來表示一種沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)或無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，其中wish that句型往往翻譯為：多么希望?;if only表示的愿望較wish that更強(qiáng)烈，常翻譯為但愿;要是?就好了。兩者的用法基本相同。兩者的用法是：1、當(dāng)表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反的一種愿望時，wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語動詞采用的形式是：did/were;

　　2、當(dāng)表示與過去的事實(shí)相反的一種愿望時，wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語動詞采用的形式是：had done;

　　3、當(dāng)表示未來一時很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的一種愿望時，wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語動詞采用的形式是：would do.

　　六、would rather引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成

　　Would rather的意思是“寧愿、寧可”其引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(一般省去that)通常用虛擬語氣表示一種與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。我們可以假設(shè)A.B是兩個人，通過牢記一下句式來記住其用法：

　　1、A would rather B did sth：表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反的一種假設(shè)

　　2、A would rather B had done sth：表示與過去事實(shí)相反的一種假設(shè)