2015年職稱英語(yǔ)考試基礎(chǔ)詞匯重點(diǎn)解析：連詞，代詞及冠詞

　　職稱英語(yǔ)考試基礎(chǔ)詞匯重點(diǎn)解析五

　　連詞，代詞及冠詞的語(yǔ)法功能及復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)

　　相關(guān)背景知識(shí)介紹：

　　e.g. Where (…的地方)there’s a will(意志)there’s a way(道路). /有志者事竟成。(there be/存在句型)

　　(2004年綜合閱讀判斷試題)

　　(from Riches and R omance from France’s Wine Harvest)

　　(Riches (rich + es) 財(cái)富，財(cái)寶; e.g. the riches of knowledge 知識(shí)的寶庫(kù)。)

　　Traditionally, people used to take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice. Nowadays, this practice is usually carried out by machines.

　　used to: 過去常常…;

　　take off：脫掉，起飛;

　　bare：裸的，裸體的;無(wú)遮蔽的;

　　carry out:開展;貫徹，實(shí)行，執(zhí)行

　　their –people;

　　this (practice) -- take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice

　　小結(jié)：

　　1. 代詞通常前指，指代前文中出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。

　　2. 在確認(rèn)代詞的指代對(duì)象時(shí)，要注意該代詞所在的結(jié)構(gòu)在其所在句子中具有的含義。e.g. their (shoes) – people; their (feet) – people; this (practice) -- take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice

　　3. 同一句中， 相鄰句中同一代詞的指代內(nèi)容一致;e.g. people used to take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out

　　在2003年綜合類C級(jí)別的閱讀理解文章中，在2003年理工類C級(jí)閱讀理解的文章中都“不約而同”地在閱讀文章中對(duì)代詞的指代內(nèi)容和冠詞的指代內(nèi)容進(jìn)行“直接”的考察，現(xiàn)在職稱英語(yǔ)考試已經(jīng)基本上不對(duì)不定冠詞進(jìn)行考察了，對(duì)于不定冠詞a/an，只需要有這樣的認(rèn)識(shí)：它們與可數(shù)名詞連用，表示種類或者數(shù)量上的單數(shù)。如：

　　e.g. I am a student. 我是學(xué)生。(a student表示“類別”)

　　e.g. A man left a message to you. (a man(一個(gè)人)和a message(一條信息)都是表示單數(shù)的概念。)

　　(from New Foods and the New world) 綜合類C

　　New foods: foods 是物質(zhì)名詞， 物質(zhì)名詞的前面不出現(xiàn)冠詞;

　　the New world 是由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞， 特指美國(guó)的北部，中部和南部地區(qū)。

　　32. “Some” in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to

　　A. some cocoa trees

　　B. some chocolate drinks

　　C. some shops

　　D. some South American Indians

　　問題問及代詞some在句中的指代內(nèi)容。 首先找到這個(gè)詞所在的句子：相關(guān)語(yǔ)句：In London, shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places. Some still exist today.

　　C. 解題線索：搭配結(jié)構(gòu)：exist可以與前三個(gè)選項(xiàng)形成“通順”的搭配結(jié)構(gòu)，前句中可能與some形成呼應(yīng)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞有： shops, chocolate drinks, meeting places。 接下來(lái)有兩個(gè)確認(rèn)答案的方法：1。借助句意;2。借助前后句之間在時(shí)態(tài)上的特點(diǎn)： 從時(shí)態(tài)上看：過去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)比正好說明了“shops”過去和現(xiàn)在的不同)。借助這兩個(gè)方法都可以確認(rèn)C(一些商店)是答案。

　　2003年理工C閱讀理解的一道考題：

　　(London’s First Light Rail System)

　　43. “This line ” in paragraph 3 refers to

　　A. the line from the Tower Gateway Station to Poplar

　　B. the line from Poplar to Island Gardens

　　C. the Millwall Extension Railway

　　D. the line from Poplar to Stratford

　　相關(guān)語(yǔ)句：From Poplar to Island Gardens, a new line crosses high above the dock waters, and then joins the old track of the Millwall Extension Railway, built to service the Millwall Docks (1868) and to provide transport for workers in the local factories. This line was horse-drawn for part of its route, until the 1880s.

　　C. 首先找到“This line ”所在的句子，根據(jù)代詞前指的特點(diǎn)，判斷只有B和C可能成為答案(前文中只出現(xiàn)了與B和C呼應(yīng)的內(nèi)容)。 the line所在的句子在內(nèi)容上是在描述“在1880s以前the line(那條鐵路)的情況”， 所以我們要選擇的答案應(yīng)該是一條早已經(jīng)存在了的鐵路，因此判斷答案是C(原文內(nèi)容表明the line from Poplar to Island Gardens是一條新鐵路， 所以不是答案)

　　線索：時(shí)態(tài)。

　　在職稱英語(yǔ)中對(duì)連詞和代詞的考察主要出現(xiàn)在文章閱讀中，就題型而言主要在完型填空，補(bǔ)全短文，閱讀理解這樣的題型中涉及到。而對(duì)冠詞的考察主要是在補(bǔ)全短文和閱讀理解這樣的題型中出現(xiàn)。而實(shí)際上考題中大都是間接或直接地在對(duì)這幾種詞類進(jìn)行考察。連詞的考察一般直接出現(xiàn)在完型填空題和對(duì)文章句意的理解上;代詞的出現(xiàn)表明該詞與其所在句子的前句或后句之間指代關(guān)系，在代詞的學(xué)習(xí)中一定要形成代詞大都是前指的概念。如：看見that就應(yīng)該知道該詞是前指 --指代前文/剛才提到的內(nèi)容，如：That is what he told me./那就是他所告訴我的話; After that he left./隨后他就離開了。而 this可能是后指也可能是前指(絕大多數(shù)情況下是前指)。其作后指用是是指代下文或即將談到的內(nèi)容，如： Don't laugh when you hear this./聽了這個(gè)你不要笑。

　　生活英語(yǔ)常用句：

　　初次見面：(在彼此獲知對(duì)方的名字之后，就可以接著說：)

　　1)--- Hello, nice/pleased to meet you. /--- Nice/pleased to meet you, too.

　　2)---How are you? /---Fine, thanks. And you?

　　3)---How do you do?/---How do you do?

　　連詞(conj.)

　　連詞主要在分句之間起邏輯連接作用。該詞類的考察可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)在文章閱讀中(間接考察)和完型填空題(直接考察)中。在完型填空題中有時(shí)會(huì)有1-3個(gè)題涉及到連詞的選擇。在復(fù)習(xí)中可以主要注意這幾個(gè)常用的連詞：and, but, while, when, because, though, although, if, as, as if, as though, as long as, as soon as, since(可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“自從”，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，翻譯成“因?yàn)?rdquo;) 。

　　and“(表示并列或?qū)ΨQ關(guān)系〕及，和，與，同;又，兼” e.g. a man and a woman;

　　比較：e.g. a statesman and writer 政治家兼作家 (一般性了解)

　　比較: e.g. my mother and I 我和我的母親

　　“〔表示結(jié)果〕然后”e.g. The sun came out and the grasses dried. 日出草干 (考點(diǎn))

　　“(用于連接行為動(dòng)詞，表示動(dòng)作之間的先后順序〕” e.g. Try and (= try to) do 試著做一做 / e.g. Go and(= go to) see 去看看吧 (考點(diǎn))

　　but“但是，可是，然而”e.g. He is rich, but (he is) not happy. 他有錢但是不幸福。not…but…(不是…而是…)(考點(diǎn)) e.g. He is not a soldier but a sailor. /他不是陸軍而是海軍)

　　“只能，不得不” (考點(diǎn))e.g. They had no other choice but [to] surrender. 他們別無(wú)選擇，只能投降。e.g. I can not but admire his courage. 我不得不佩服他的勇敢

　　e.g. This letter is nothing but an insult. 這封信完全是一種侮辱。 (〔加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣〕簡(jiǎn)直，的確) (考點(diǎn))

　　“除(某人)以外，除了(某人)”e.g. No one replied but me. 除了我，沒有別人回答。(考點(diǎn))

　　1. ___ he saw both surprised and frighten him.

　　A. When B. That C. What D. whom

　　主語(yǔ)從句。答案為C。空格所在的結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(yǔ)從句，及物動(dòng)詞saw需要賓語(yǔ)。

　　提示：that在名詞性的從句中只具有語(yǔ)法功能， 不能在從句中充當(dāng)任何成分。

　　2. Tell me ___ you admired most?

　　A. when B. why C. whom D. that

　　賓語(yǔ)從句。答案為C?？崭袼诘慕Y(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作動(dòng)詞Tell的賓語(yǔ)，空格所在成分在句子中也充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)(admire的賓語(yǔ))。

　　(A Pay Rise or Not?)綜合類B/C級(jí)閱讀判斷文章

　　"Unless I get a rise(條件狀語(yǔ)從句), I'll have a talk with the boss, Henry Manley," George Strong said to himself. George liked his job and he liked the town he lived in, but (并列分句)his wife kept telling him that (賓語(yǔ)從句)his pay was not enough to meet the needs of the family. That was why (表語(yǔ)從句)he was thinking of taking a job in Birmingham, a nearby city about 50 miles away. He had been offered a job in a factory there, and the pay was far better.

　　代詞(pron.)

　　代詞指it, he, their, theirs之類的詞，用來(lái)代替意思更確切的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)，如：

　　it 指代：e.g. weather, time, a pen, a baby

　　he 指代：e.g. Tom

　　their指代：e.g. Tom and Mary’s

　　theirs指代：e.g. Tom and Mary’s car

　　代詞中包括限定詞需要掌握的有：both, all, either，neither ，這些限定指代范圍的詞在詞義上包含了后面省去了的名詞的含義。

　　both:“兩者，二者，雙方”

　　e.g. Which bottle would you like? --- I’ll take both.(both指的是both bottles, 在這里用作代詞。)。

　　e.g. I don't know both(e.g. people). 我不是兩個(gè)人都認(rèn)識(shí)〔只認(rèn)識(shí)其中之一〕。(考點(diǎn)： 部分否定結(jié)構(gòu))

　　either:“兩者中的任何一個(gè)”

　　e.g. Either will do. (他們)隨便哪個(gè)都行.

　　all:“全部，全體，一切”

　　e.g. All (e.g. people)are agreed. 全體贊成。

　　e.g. Not all lawyers have large incomes.不是所有的律師都收入高。(考點(diǎn)： 部分否定結(jié)構(gòu))

　　補(bǔ)充：

　　large: (體積，空間，數(shù)量，規(guī)模等)大的，巨大的

　　a large family 多子女的家庭;/ a large population 人口眾多。/ a large merchant 巨商。

　　neither: “兩者中無(wú)…,兩者都不…”

　　e.g. I like neither. 我兩個(gè)都不喜歡。

　　人稱代詞在句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用主格，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用賓格

　　e.g.She doesn’t believe us.

　　e.g.They are always making jokes about me.

　　物主代詞分為名詞性的物主代詞和形容詞性的物主代詞。名詞性的物主代詞指的是名詞性屬格代詞，如：mine, yours等。名詞性的物主代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用，可作主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，同位語(yǔ)等，如：

　　e.g.Theirs is the only house here that is being painted.

　　e.g.I’ll do my work and you do yours.

　　形容詞性的物主代詞在句子中充當(dāng)形容詞的語(yǔ)法功能， 對(duì)其后面的名詞進(jìn)行所屬范圍的限定，如：

　　e.g. Well, that isn't our business. 可是，那事跟我們不相干。

　　business: 事務(wù)，業(yè)務(wù);事

　　e.g. What line of business are you in? 你是干什么的?My business is.../我從事...; It is none of your business. 不關(guān)你事，別管閑事; Business before pleasure. 正事要緊 )

　　反身代詞即人稱代詞的反身形式。如myself, yourself等。反身代詞可在句中作同位語(yǔ)(強(qiáng)調(diào))，賓語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。以myself為例：

　　賓語(yǔ)：I bought myself a new car./我為自己買了一輛新車

　　用于強(qiáng)調(diào)：I myself was certain of the facts./我自己對(duì)事實(shí)確信無(wú)疑

　　主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：I'm feeling myself again./我又恢復(fù)了健康

　　英語(yǔ)人稱代詞一覽表：

　　代詞的考察在職稱英語(yǔ)中主要是 “在閱讀題中要求考生判斷文章中代詞所指代的內(nèi)容”和“完型填空題中要求考生借助上下文判斷空格處應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)什么代詞”這兩種形式。

　　而對(duì)指示代詞this, that, these, those的考察也在閱讀中時(shí)有出現(xiàn)，如：綜合類閱讀理解練習(xí)題“The Gene Industry”一文中第4道“西特勒試圖作什么”的答案需要借助原文：“Should we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a "super-race"? (Hitler tried this, but without the genetic weaponry that may soon issue from our laboratories.)”。 “this”指代特性是正確解答該題的關(guān)鍵——this作代詞時(shí)往往指代前一句中的整句內(nèi)容(we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a "super-race)。

　　eliminate 除去，消滅

　　inferior (質(zhì)量等)低劣的，次的(e.g. Woman is inferior to man in running. 婦女跑不過男子;e.g. inferior goods 低檔貨)

　　其他必須掌握的代詞：

　　Other： “另外一個(gè);〔pl.〕別的東西，別的人”

　　e.g. Do good to others. 對(duì)他人做好事。

　　e.g. each other 互相 (考點(diǎn))

　　e.g. know/tell one from the other 把二者分別清楚 (考點(diǎn))

　　e.g. one after the other 一個(gè)接一個(gè)地(考點(diǎn))

　　e.g. one ... the other 一方面是…，另一方面是…(考點(diǎn))

　　same: “同一事[物];〔古語(yǔ)〕同一人〔?？刹挥?the〕”

　　e.g. We like the same(book)./我們喜歡同樣的東西。

　　So: “這樣”〔用作 say, call, speak, tell, think, hope, expect, suppose, imagine, fear, hear, do 等動(dòng)詞的賓詞〕。 (考點(diǎn))

　　e.g. I think so. 我想是這樣。 e.g. I suppose so.=So I suppose. 我想大概是那樣。

　　Such: “這樣的人[物]〔通常指復(fù)數(shù)〕”

　　e.g. I dislike such. 我不歡喜那種東西。

　　英語(yǔ)小知識(shí)：怎樣開始談話?

　　在跟外國(guó)人見面的時(shí)候首先和他們談?wù)撎鞖?，比如?北京最近天氣十分寒冷， 所以在見面的時(shí)候可以說：

　　It is very cold, isn’t it?

　　Terrible weather, isn’t it?

　　而對(duì)方的回答通常是表示贊同， 如：可以簡(jiǎn)單的說：

　　Yes, it is.

　　或者：Yes, I feel freezing cold.

　　或者：Yes, I wish such weather would be over soon.

　　冠詞(定冠詞，不定冠詞)(art.)

　　冠詞任何用于引導(dǎo)名詞并說明其用法的詞。英語(yǔ)中，不定冠詞是 a和 an，定冠詞是 the。冠詞也是語(yǔ)法功能詞，不能在句子中獨(dú)立使用。

　　在復(fù)習(xí)中對(duì)冠詞主要要形成這樣的概念：定冠詞是表示“特指”，通常我們把該詞翻譯成“那個(gè)”-- 指代前文出現(xiàn)過的或談話雙方都知道的某個(gè)特定的人/物，如：the girl in the blue dress/那個(gè)穿著藍(lán)衣服的女孩。冠詞的考察在完型填空題中幾乎了，但我們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中還是應(yīng)該對(duì)冠詞有所了解，知道定冠詞的指代內(nèi)容，了解定冠詞和不定冠詞的搭配使用特點(diǎn)。如：by air/by sea/by bus/ by train/by bike, at school/ at college/ at home/ at work, in bed, on TV (對(duì)比：on the radio), from morning till night, etc。

　　另外，我們需要了解的是雖然人名，地名等專有名詞前一般不用冠詞，但在海洋，河流，山脈，群島以及含有普通名詞的專有名詞前一般加定冠詞，如：the pacific, the People's Republic of China, the World Trade Organization。 抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí)，前面通常不用冠詞，但特指時(shí)，則一般要加冠詞。比較：Scientific research requires patience(指“耐心”這個(gè)概念); I admire the patience of research workers.(特指“科學(xué)工作者的耐心”)

　　對(duì)于定冠詞的考點(diǎn)就是考察帶定冠詞的詞語(yǔ)在文章中指代哪個(gè)具體的人或物。比如，在2002年綜合類C級(jí)的閱讀理解題(第3篇閱讀文章)中就出現(xiàn)了問“the world”指代哪個(gè)代詞。遇到這樣的考題首先我們要大體弄懂定冠詞限定的詞語(yǔ)所在句子的句意，并借助句意和其搭配結(jié)構(gòu)判斷定冠詞所限定的詞語(yǔ)的具體含義，有時(shí)我們還得借助上下文的句意才能做出詞義的確認(rèn)。我們還是來(lái)看看該題是如何解答的：

　　The world is not only hungry, it is also thirsty for water. This may seems strange to you, since nearly 75% of the earth's surface is covered with water. But about 97% of this huge amount is sea-water, or salt water, man can only drink and use the other 3% - the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, underground, and other sources. And we cannot even use all of that, because some of it is in the form of iceberg..

　　Question:

　　The phrase "the world "in the first line of the passage refers to___?

　　A. you B. man C. woman D. they

　　答案B。首先考慮"the world "所在句子的句意 -- “世界”不僅饑餓，而且渴望水。依據(jù)該句意，對(duì)比被選項(xiàng)，首先排除A(你/你們)和D(他們)， 因此從我們的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣上來(lái)說， 我們不把“你/你們”和“他們”稱為世界，所以初步判定答案來(lái)自B或C。借助上下文： 文章接著說“這 (“世界”不僅饑餓，而且渴望水)可能對(duì)你看起來(lái)有些奇怪，因?yàn)?5%左右的地球表面被水覆蓋著。”,接著“man(人類)”一詞就出現(xiàn)了，該句說“人類只能飲用和使用其余的3%。。”，根據(jù)該句句意在結(jié)合"the world "所在句子的句意綜合判斷"the world "應(yīng)該指代人類。

　　考點(diǎn)：定冠詞結(jié)構(gòu)的指代內(nèi)容，man還有“人類”的含義。

　　對(duì)于不定慣詞我們需要了解的是a(an)一般用于可數(shù)名詞之前(a 用在第一個(gè)字母發(fā)音為輔音的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前;而 an則用在第一個(gè)字母發(fā)音為元音的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。)，它們泛指“一(個(gè))”，或加在可數(shù)名詞前表示一類人或事物。在復(fù)習(xí)值得我們注意的涉及到不定冠詞的固定詞組有：on a basis of /以。。為基礎(chǔ), have a headache/頭疼, get a cold/感冒, be a pity/遺憾, make a living/謀生, on an average/平均, with a view of/ 以。。為目的，go for a walk/ take a walk/散步， make an investment in 投資， have [take] a (good) look at (仔細(xì))看一看

　　l 職稱英語(yǔ)核心詞匯推薦：

　　apparent adj. 明顯的,外表的, 表面上的;

　　appear v. 出現(xiàn), 看起來(lái)，發(fā)表(appear in court/出庭; lt appears that.../看來(lái))

　　appearance n. 出現(xiàn), 外觀[表], 面子

　　(B) appetite n. . (特指)胃口，食欲, 嗜好，愛好(have a good [poor] appetite 食欲旺盛[不振]; have an appetite for (music) 愛好(音樂))

　　apple n. 蘋果

　　(A) Appliance n. 設(shè)備, 器械, 裝置, 應(yīng)用(kitchen appliance /廚房用具; an office appliance/辦公用具)

　　Application n. 應(yīng)用，申請(qǐng)(the application of science to industry/在工業(yè)上對(duì)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用; applications software/應(yīng)用軟件);

　　apply v. 申請(qǐng), 應(yīng)用, 適合, 敷 (apply a theory to practice/把理論應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐; ;apply for申請(qǐng), 請(qǐng)求)

　　appoint v. 委派，任命, 指定，約定(時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等)

　　appointment n. 任命, 約定 (have an appointment with sb. 和某人有約會(huì)。 keep [break] one's appointment 守[違]約)

　　appreciate vt. 賞識(shí), 重視; 感謝, 抬高...的價(jià)格(appreciate one's kindness./多謝厚意)

　　approach vt.接近, 動(dòng)手處理n. 走近, 方法, 步驟

　　appropriate adj. 正確的;適當(dāng)?shù)?be appropriate for ../ 適合)

　　approval n. 贊成, 贊許, 批準(zhǔn)

　　approve v.批準(zhǔn), 批準(zhǔn), (常與of連用)贊成，贊同(approve of../準(zhǔn)許..; approve the plans/批準(zhǔn)計(jì)劃)

　　April n. 四月(April Fools' Day/愚人節(jié)(四月一日);

　　(B) apt adj. .易于…的，有…傾向的 (He is apt to succeed. 他很可能成功)

　　(A) aptitude n. 天資;才能 (have an aptitude for 有…的才能)

　　architecture n. 建筑, 建筑學(xué)

　　area n. 范圍, 區(qū)域

　　argue v. 辯論, 爭(zhēng)論(argue for [against] a proposal/辯論贊成[反對(duì)]某項(xiàng)建議)

　　argument n.爭(zhēng)論, 辯論, 論據(jù), 論點(diǎn), ～ (for, against)支持..，反對(duì)..

　　arise v. 起來(lái), 升起, 興起, 出現(xiàn), 發(fā)生, 造成(from) (arise from [out of]/由...而引起)

　　arm n. 臂, 支架〔pl.〕 軍械，武器 (the right arm 右臂)

　　army n. 陸軍, 軍隊(duì), 大群(an army of workers /勞動(dòng)者大軍)

　　around adv. 環(huán)繞, 在周圍, 四周, 在附近 prep. 在…的周圍, 環(huán)繞, 大約, 左右(around 20 people /大約20人; hang around/在附近徘徊)

　　arouse v. 叫醒, 喚起, 激勵(lì)(arouse sb.'s enthusiasm/激起某人的積極性)

　　arrange v. 排列, 分類, 整理 (arrange books on the shelves/把書架上的書整理好)

　　arrest n. /v.逮捕

　　arrival n. 到達(dá), 到來(lái)

　　arrive v. 到達(dá), 來(lái)到(in, at), 得出(at)(arrive at../獲得(結(jié)果);達(dá)到(目的); arrive at a decision 達(dá)成決議)

　　art n. 美術(shù), 藝術(shù) (pl.)人文學(xué)科

　　artist n. 藝術(shù)家, 美術(shù)家

　　單詞學(xué)習(xí)：

　　學(xué)習(xí)中需要注意近義詞多的詞：

　　e.g. apparent(明顯的，顯而易見的，外觀上的): evident(明白的，明顯的), clear(清楚的， 明白的), obvious(顯而易見的)

　　e.g. appreciate(重視; 感謝, 抬高...的價(jià)格): acknowledge (感謝)

　　Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply appreciated/acknowledged. (CET-4, 1996,6 EMBA, 2001)

　　學(xué)習(xí)中需要注意具有特殊搭配的詞：

　　e.g. approach(走近, 方法, 步驟):

　　The traditional approach to dealing with complex problem is to break them down into smaller problems. (CET-4, 1996,6)

　　學(xué)習(xí)中需要注意有多詞在拼寫形式上相近的詞：

　　e.g. arise (出現(xiàn);發(fā)生， (人早上)起床， 產(chǎn)生于，起因于，出身于 ( arise from, arise out of): rise(上升，升起;(日等)現(xiàn)出), raise(抬起，舉起(重物等);升(旗等)，增高(溫度);提高(聲音)，籌(款等)

　　練習(xí)：

　　1.Choose the best answer：(選自職稱英語(yǔ)考試指定用書)

　　(cultural Differences 難度B，C級(jí))

　　Many travelers find _1__ easier to meet people in the U.S. than in other countries. They may just come up and introduce themselves or even invite you over __2_ they really know you.

　　1. A. this B.it C.them D./

　　2. A. when B.if C.after D. before

　　(Canned Foods: Convenience and Nutrition 難度B，C級(jí))

　　Fruit and vegetable canning is as simple _1__ when your grandmother "put up "tomatoes and other things from the garden. Fresh produce is taken from the field at just the right time, delivered to the cannery, checked, sealed and sterilized. All this generally happens in less __2_ 24 hours for the best quality and nutritional values without the need for any preservatives.

　　1. A. as B.than C.to D.same

　　2. A. to B.than C.about D. around

　　(Public and Private Schools in the United States 難度B，C級(jí))

　　Americans offer __1_ great variety of reasons for doing so, including the desire of some parents to bring their children to schools..

　　1. A. a B.the C.some D./

　　2.Put in "the" or "a (an)" if necessary:

　　1. Do you know ___ time? Yes, ___ clock in ___ hall has just struck nine.

　　2. ___ youngest boy has just started going to ___ school; ___ eldest boy is at ___ school.

　　3. ___ first computer in ___ world was a lot bigger than ___ abacus or ___ adding machine.

　　3.What do the three "it" refer to?/下面三個(gè)“it”分別指代什么?

　　(Dyslexia 難度B，C級(jí))

　　However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females, and it is found more often in persons who are left-handed. No one knows the cause of dyslexia, but some scientists believe that it may result from chemical changes in a baby's body long before it is born.

　　4.Fill in each blank with the best answer from the four given choices/從每個(gè)選項(xiàng)下所給出的四個(gè)被選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)最佳答案。(B/C級(jí))

　　The development of Rubber(橡膠)

　　Here is the story of rubber. From the earliest time it was common knowledge to the Peruvians(秘魯人) that when a cut was made in the outside skin of a rubber tree, a white liquid (液體) ___(2) milk came out(流出), and that ___(3) this a sticky (粘的) mass (塊) of rubber might be made. This rubber is soft when warm, so that it is possible to give it any ___(4). The Peruvians made the ___(5) that it was very good for keeping out wet. Then in the early 1800's, the Americans made use of it for the first time. First they made overshoes (套鞋)to ___(6)their feet dry. Then came a certain Mr. Mackintosh, who made coats of cloth covered with natural rubber. From that day to this we have been coating cloth with (coat… ..with在。。上面覆蓋上一層。。) rubber as Mr. Mackintosh ___(7), and our raincoats are still named after him.(name A after B/根據(jù)B來(lái)命名A)

　　But these first rubber overshoes and raincoats were all soft and sticky in summer, and ___(8)and inelastic(無(wú)彈性的) in the winter when it was cold. But the rubber we have today is soft and elastic (有彈性的), ___(9) very strong -- even in the warmest summer and the coldest winter. This was made ___(10) by a man called Goodyear. After many ___(11), he found that nitric acid (硝酸) made the rubber much better, but it is not hard and strong enough. Then a strange thing took ___(12). A friend of his, Nicholas Hayward, had the idea in this sleep that rubber might be made hard and strong if fixed with sulfur (硫磺)(if fixed with sulfur/如果用硫磺進(jìn)行加固) and put in the sun. Goodyear put this idea ___(13) the test, and saw that it did have more or less the desired (所希望的)effect -- though somewhat less than more. The only effect it had was on the outside of the rubber. It is common knowledge(common knowledge：常識(shí)) now that the ___(14) to make rubber hard and strong is by heating it with sulfur. It took Goodyear four more years to find this method. When at last he did it, he had ___(15) at all. Everything of the smallest value had been used to get money, even his sons' school-books,

　　1. A)for B)to C) about D)with

　　2. A) like B)alike C)resembled D)similar

　　3. A) on B)from C)up D)in

　　4. A)use B)heat C)pressure D)form

　　5. A)creation B)invention C)discovery D)recognition

　　6. A)retain B)keep ```` C)hold D)set

　　7. A)did B)built C)tried D)conducted

　　8. A)weak B)gentle C)hard D)strong

　　9. A)or B)however C)though D)even

　　10. A)capable B)probable C)practical D)possible

　　11. A)experiments B)checks C)discoveries D)works

　　12. A)form B)place C)shape D)size

　　13. A) on B)to `` C)in ``` D)with

　　14. A) system B)style C)way D)direction

　　15. A) everything B)anything C)nothing D)something

　　參考答案：

　　1.Choose the best answer：(選自職稱英語(yǔ)考試指定用書)

　　(cultural Differences 難度B，C級(jí))

　　答案1。B; 2。D;

　　(Canned Foods: Convenience and Nutrition 難度B，C級(jí))

　　答案1。A; 2。B;

　　(Canned Foods: Convenience and Nutrition 難度B，C級(jí))

　　答案1。A;

　　2.Put in "the" or "a (an)" if necessary:

　　the, the, the, the, /, then , /, the, the, an, an

　　3.What do the three "it" refer to?/下面三個(gè)“it”分別指代什么?

　　(Dyslexia 難度B，C級(jí))

　　it1: dyslexia

　　it2: dyslexia

　　it3: baby

　　4.Fill in each blank with the best answer from the four given choices/從每個(gè)選項(xiàng)下所給出的四個(gè)被選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)最佳答案。(B/C級(jí))

　　1.B.解題思路：被選項(xiàng)是介詞時(shí)關(guān)注空格前后與之搭配的結(jié)構(gòu) --往往是其前面的動(dòng)詞，名詞，形容詞和其后面所帶的賓語(yǔ)。該空格后是某種人(秘魯人)作賓語(yǔ)，再結(jié)合句意判斷B。

　　2.A.解題思路: 關(guān)注被選項(xiàng)中的“關(guān)系項(xiàng)”。首先重點(diǎn)關(guān)注A和B。再借助空格后的搭配結(jié)構(gòu)--帶名詞作賓語(yǔ)，判斷答案為A (象。。一樣的)

　　3.B.解題思路：被選項(xiàng)是介詞時(shí)關(guān)注空格前后與之搭配的結(jié)構(gòu)?？崭裉幣c被選介詞搭配的是動(dòng)詞 made。該句陳述句句的結(jié)構(gòu)是：a sticky mass of rubber might be made (from) this.

　　4.D.借助句意判斷答案“(因?yàn)檐浂?成型”合理。

　　5.C.借助句意判斷“發(fā)現(xiàn)(橡膠有防雨功能這種現(xiàn)象)”合理。

　　6.B.解題思路：借助與被選動(dòng)詞搭配使用的結(jié)構(gòu)選擇答案。keep their feet dry(保持腳干燥)是答案。

　　7.A.解題思路：借助被選動(dòng)詞所在的結(jié)構(gòu)。as Mr. Mackintosh did.是省略句。

　　8.C.借助前文(夏天軟)，則“冬天硬”。

　　9.C.解題思路：被選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)副詞時(shí)往往要借助句意選擇答案。借助句意(前后對(duì)比)選擇C。

　　10.D.該題考察近義詞的辨析。make sth./it possible是習(xí)慣搭配結(jié)構(gòu)

　　11.A.借助句意判斷“實(shí)驗(yàn)”是答案。

　　work: 勞動(dòng);操作;作業(yè);功課;工作;職業(yè)(pl.)著作，作品, 工廠;如：Shakespeare's works /莎士比亞著作;a gas works /煤氣廠

　　常見短語(yǔ)：at work; out of work; hard work; in the works

　　12.B.解題思路：借助習(xí)慣搭配。take place是“發(fā)生”。take shape 是“成形, 形成, 具體化”，在借助句意判斷答案。

　　13.B.解題思路：借助與被選項(xiàng)介詞搭配的結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　put to the test/使受試驗(yàn)

　　put to use/使用, 利用

　　14.C.解題思路：借助與被選項(xiàng)名詞搭配使用的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。只有way帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)。

　　in…direction “在…的方向上”

　　15.C.解題思路：借助“左右結(jié)構(gòu)”。not..at all(一點(diǎn)也不)是固定搭配結(jié)構(gòu)。