外國人最想和你聊的時事話題：土地利用
- 雙語介紹
- 關(guān)鍵詞句
What is land use 什么是土地利用
Land use is the human use of land. Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. It has also been defined as "the arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it" (FAO, 1997a； FAO/UNEP, 1999).
Land use practices vary considerably across the world. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization Water Development Division explains that "Land use concerns the products and/or benefits obtained from use of the land as well as the land management actions(activities) carried out by humans to produce those products and benefits." As of the early 1990s, about 13％ of the Earth was considered arable land, with 26％ in pasture, 32％ forests and woodland, and 1.5％ urban areas.
As Albert Guttenberg (1959) wrote many years ago, "'Land use'is a key term in the language of city planning." Commonly, political jurisdictions will undertake land use planning and regulate the use of land in an attempt to avoid land use conflicts. Land use plans are implemented through land division and use ordinances and regulations, such as zoning regulations.
Land use and land management practices have a major impact on natural resources including water, soil, nutrients, plants and animals. Land use information can be used to develop solutions for natural resource management issues such as salinity and water quality. For instance, water bodies in a region that has been deforested or having erosion will have different water quality than those in areas that are forested.
The major effect of land use on land cover since 1750 has been deforestation of temperate regions. More recent significant effects of land use include urban sprawl, soil erosion, soil degradation, salinization, and desertification. Land-use change together with use of fossil fuels, are the major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide, a dominant greenhouse gas.
According to a report by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organisation, land degradation has been exacerbated where there has been an absence of any land use planning, or of its orderly execution, or the existence of financial or legal incentives that have led to the wrong land use decisions, or one-sided central planning leading to overutilization of the land resources-for instance for immediate production at all costs. As a consequence the result has often been misery for large segments of the local population and destruction of valuable ecosystems. Such narrow approaches should be replaced by a technique for the planning and management of land resources that is integrated and holistic and where land users are central. This will ensure the long-term quality of the land for human use, the prevention or resolution of social conflicts related to land use, and the conservation of ecosystems of high biodiversity value.
土地利用率（land utilization rate）指已利用的土地面積與土地總面積之比，一般用百分數(shù)（percentage）表示，是反映土地利用程度（land use degree）的數(shù)量指標(biāo)。
衡量土地利用率的主要指標(biāo)（index）包括：
(1) 農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用率（agricultural land utilization rate）。
(2) 非農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用率(non-agricultural land utilization rate)。指一個地區(qū)或農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)單位非農(nóng)業(yè)用地（包括城鎮(zhèn)居民點、工礦、交通、旅游、軍事等的占地）占土地總面積。
(3) 墾殖指數(shù)(cultivation index)。
(4) 復(fù)種指數(shù)(multiple-cropping index)。在土地開發(fā)利用過程中，必須在不造成水土流失(water and soil erosion)和破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境的原則下，將一切可以開發(fā)利用的土地資源，因地制宜地加以充分合理的開發(fā)利用，以提高土地利用率。
Regulation will continue to play an important role in land-use policy.
規(guī)章將繼續(xù)在土地利用政策中起重要的作用。
Land-use conflict is almost guaranteed by the nature of our political and economic systems.
土地利用沖突基本上受到政治和經(jīng)濟制度性質(zhì)的保護。
Much of the future debate about land-use policy will concern the most appropriate relationship among federal, state, and local governments.
將來很多有關(guān)土地利用政策的爭論會涉及國家、州和地方政府間的融洽關(guān)系。
Land use will no doubt continue to shift back and forth between agriculture and forestry as well as other uses in the free market.
土地利用無疑將繼續(xù)在農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)以及自由市場上的其他用途間來回變動。
General plans for land use at the county level should define the areas and purposes of land use.
縣級土地利用總體規(guī)劃應(yīng)當(dāng)劃分土地利用區(qū)，明確土地用途。
General plans for land use at a lower level shall be compiled according to the general plans for the utilization of land at the next higher level.
下級土地利用總體規(guī)劃應(yīng)當(dāng)依據(jù)上一級土地利用總體規(guī)劃編制。
The examination and approval procedures for the compilation of annual land use plans shall be the same as that for the general plans for land use. Once approved, they shall be implemented strictly.
土地利用年度計劃的編制審批程序與土地利用總體規(guī)劃的編制審批程序相同，一經(jīng)審批下達，必須嚴格執(zhí)行。
General plans for land use shall be examined and approved level by level.
土地利用總體規(guī)劃實行分級審批。
What is land uses overall planning?
什么是土地利用總體規(guī)劃?
The State shall compile general plans to set usages of land including those of farm or construction use or unused.
國家編制土地利用總體規(guī)劃，規(guī)定土地用途，將土地分為農(nóng)用地、建設(shè)用地和未利用地。
1:50 000 Actuality Map of Land Use is one basic data of land use investigate.
1∶50 000土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖是土地利用研究的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)之一。
Without approval, the usages of land defined in the general plans for the utilization of land shall not be changed.
未經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)，不得改變土地利用總體規(guī)劃確定的土地用途。
Land should be used strictly in line with the purposes of land use defined in the general plan for the utilization of the land whether by units or individuals.
使用土地的單位和個人必須嚴格按照土地利用總體規(guī)劃確定的用途使用土地。
No party shall change the utilization status of the land before the disputes over ownership and use right are settled.
在土地所有權(quán)和使用權(quán)爭議解決前，任何一方不得改變土地利用現(xiàn)狀。
Part 3 Let's Talk！ 開始交流吧！
Jonson: Hello, Brian.
強森：你好，布賴恩。
Brian: Hello, did you have lunch?
布賴恩：你好，剛剛吃過飯嗎？
Jonson: Yes. Do you kwon that the price of meal increases in canteen.
強森：是的。你知道嗎，這些天食堂的飯菜又漲價了。
Brian: Yes, the 8 Yuan set meal has increased to 10 Yuan.
布賴恩：是啊，原來8元的套餐已經(jīng)漲到10元了。
Jonson: It seems that the price of vegetables rises again.
強森：看來蔬菜又漲價了。
Brian: I heard that the rural areas suffer a crop failure and many vegetables rot before harvest.
布賴恩：我聽說今年的收成不好，很多蔬菜都在收割前就爛掉了。
Jonson: How dose it happen?
強森：怎么會發(fā)生這種情況？
Brian: Some vegetable growers sow excessive seeds in the limited land in order to cultivate more vegetables and therefore lead to the lack of nutrient of soil.
布賴恩：有些菜農(nóng)為了種植更多的蔬菜，在有限的土地上播種了過多的蔬菜種子，從而導(dǎo)致了土地營養(yǎng)不夠。
Jonson: Are there ample land in rural areas?
強森：農(nóng)村不是有廣闊的土地嗎？
Brian: Many lands are not suit for growing because of over fertilization. In addition, the trend that population moving into cities and the increasingly enlarged land occupation arise the contradiction between urban land and other departments of national economy, especially agricultural land.
布賴恩：由于過量施肥，很多土地已經(jīng)不能用于種植。此外人口向城市集中的趨勢和城市占地面積的日益擴大，引起城市用地與國民經(jīng)濟其他部門用地，特別是與農(nóng)業(yè)用地的矛盾。
Jonson: It is caused by human behavior after all.
強森：看來還是由人類的行為所致。
Brian: What's more, because of the technology progress and the improvement of capability of refom and utilize natural environment, the problems such as environment pollution and ecological balance breaking will happen without adequate dealing, which always express on land use.
布賴恩：不僅如此，由于技術(shù)進步，人類改造、利用自然環(huán)境的能力日益提高，如稍處理不當(dāng)，就會出現(xiàn)污染環(huán)境和破壞生態(tài)平衡的問題，往往首先表現(xiàn)在土地利用上。
Jonson: Don't the government take some measurements to solve this problem?
強森：國家難道沒有采取措施解決這一問題嗎？
Brian: Our government arrange professional expert to guide farmers and offer supports to agriculture in order to return more farmers to agriculture production.
布賴恩：國家安排了專業(yè)人員指導(dǎo)農(nóng)民耕作，此外提供對農(nóng)業(yè)的支持，使更多的農(nóng)民重新從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。
Jonson: Is the effect obvious?
強森：效果明顯嗎？
Brian: There have been some effects, but still many problems not totally solved.
布賴恩：這些措施已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了一些效果，但仍有很多地方的問題沒有徹底解決。
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