專八必考知識點 （1）

. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.

2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or alanguage with reference to their distribution and patterning andto tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位學(xué); 在語言或一門語言中，對有關(guān)其分類和模式以及為大家所默認的發(fā)音規(guī)則的研究音韻學(xué), 音系學(xué)

3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or otherelements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究詞或其它句子成分如何聯(lián)合起來形成合乎語法的句子規(guī)則的學(xué)科

4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.語義學(xué)，以語言形式表示意思的研究或科學(xué)

5. acronym : 首字母組合詞，首字母縮略詞，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它們可以連拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another withwhich it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or ofthe sword for military power. 換喻或轉(zhuǎn)喻，一種,一個詞或詞組被另一個與之有緊密聯(lián)系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美==或用劍代替軍事力量，對面來了三個“紅領(lǐng)巾”也是，以紅領(lǐng)巾指代少先隊員。

7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phraseintroduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to mythoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進行比較，通常在由 like或 as引導(dǎo)的短語中，如 “我的離開好象是冬天來臨”或“你對我的思想就象食物對于生命一樣重要”(莎士比亞)

8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing isused to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All theworld's a stage(Shakespeare) 隱喻一種語言表達手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之處，如 “憂愁之海”或“整個世界一臺戲”(莎士比亞) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟

9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as ina deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修飾法, 一種把互相矛盾或不調(diào)和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，如在 震耳欲聾的沉默和悲傷的樂觀 cruel kindness

10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is BigBen.