這些考點(diǎn)往年專八都考過√

1.Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位學(xué); 在語言或一門語言中，對有關(guān)其分類和模式以及為大家所默認(rèn)的發(fā)音規(guī)則的研究音韻學(xué), 音系學(xué)，這個(gè)考。

2.Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究詞或其它句子成分如何聯(lián)合起來形成合乎語法的句子規(guī)則的學(xué)科，考。

3.Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.語義學(xué)，以語言形式表示意思的研究或科學(xué)，考。

4.acronym : 首字母組合詞，首字母縮略詞，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它們可以連拼，但VOA是 Initialism?？?。

5.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 換喻或轉(zhuǎn)喻，一種,一個(gè)詞或詞組被另一個(gè)與之有緊密聯(lián)系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美==或用劍代替軍事力量，對面來了三個(gè)“紅領(lǐng)巾”也是，以紅領(lǐng)巾指代少先隊(duì)員。

6.Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進(jìn)行比較，通常在由 like或 as引導(dǎo)的短語中，如 “我的離開好象是冬天來臨”或“你對我的思想就象食物對于生命一樣重要”(莎士比亞)

7.Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隱喻一種語言表達(dá)手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之處，如 “憂愁之海”或“整個(gè)世界一臺戲”(莎士比亞) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟

8.Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修飾法, 一種把互相矛盾或不調(diào)和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，如在 震耳欲聾的沉默和悲傷的樂觀 cruel kindness

9.Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行話, 一個(gè)行業(yè)、職業(yè)或類似的團(tuán)體中使用的專業(yè)的或技術(shù)的語言. 考。

10.onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象聲詞, 詞的構(gòu)成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行動(dòng)的聲音.

11.hypotaxis: 從屬關(guān)系

12.parataxis: 并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指 短語或分句間不用連詞， 如：I came, I saw, I conquered.

13.Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超驗(yàn)主義, 一種文學(xué)和哲學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)，與拉爾夫•沃爾多•愛默生和瑪格麗特•富勒有關(guān)，宣稱存在一種理想的精神實(shí)體，超越于經(jīng)驗(yàn)和科學(xué)之處，通過直覺得以把握

14.Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.詞法，詞態(tài)學(xué)，形態(tài)音位學(xué), 語言或某一語言中對于單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式的研究，包括詞尾變化、派生和合成詞的構(gòu)成

15.affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant輔音 followed by a fricative摩擦; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由閉塞音伴隨著摩擦音而形成的復(fù)雜的語音;例如 child和 joy的第一個(gè)音Also called: affricative.

16.The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除紐約市、南方、新英格蘭

17.morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. 詞素, 一種含有一個(gè)單詞的有意義的語言單位，如 -ed在單詞 walked中，不能被劃分為更小的有意義單位

18.The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec. 考。

19.Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素,語言中最小的語音單位，如英語里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b

20.polysemy: 一詞多義

21.Parentese: 父母語

22.back formation: 逆構(gòu)詞 脫落一詞的詞綴以構(gòu)成新詞 typewriter → typewrite

23.allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 語素變體, 語素的一種變體形式，如語音學(xué)的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和iz在 horses中，還有 en在 oxen中都是英語復(fù)數(shù)語素的語素變體.