究其原因有二:
只憑借段首段尾句有時找不到與之匹配的小標題,例如下面《劍橋真題集8》中的這道例題;
在有限的時間內(nèi)讀不完整個段落,就算能讀完,苦于一個段落信息太多,不知哪句話是重點,或是不知道如何概括信息。
原文:Thus aging and death should not be
seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possess many mechanisms for repair. … This is the basic problem of evolution.
正確答案選項:Why dying is beneficial
出自《劍8》
鑒于最新更新出的《劍橋真題集12》每個Test 都考到了小標題,考生們不應(yīng)忽視更不應(yīng)放棄這種極易連環(huán)選錯的題型。那么針對這種題型,我們到底應(yīng)該如何科學(xué)應(yīng)對呢?
首先,要明確段落小標題的考點大部分情況下不是考整個段落的概括,而是考段落中心句的同義替換。其次,找準中心句后應(yīng)該匹配同義替換的選項,而不是匹配原詞重現(xiàn)的選項。
如何快速找到中心句?
平行閱讀高效找到中心句
對于出現(xiàn)小標題的文章,利用平行閱讀法找標題最高效。
先瀏覽小標題的選項,大致了解文章的主要內(nèi)容,然后做一個段落配的其它題型,這個段落配的題都是這段話的重點,因此可以以此為據(jù)去找段落標題。
例如《劍橋真題集12》 Test 8-Passage 3 中的例子:
判斷題:37 Using a committee structure would ensure that board members are fully informed about significant issues.
出自C段,對應(yīng)原文…committees…may be more efficient but can mean that the board as a whole is less involved in fully addressing some of the most important issues.
不難選出與之相匹配的標題vi。
填空題:38 Before 2008, non-executive directors were at a disadvantage because of their lack of ________.
出自D段,對應(yīng)原文:However, more professional and better-informed boards would have been particularly appropriate for banks when the executives had access to information that parttime non-executive directors lacked.
根據(jù)這句話的信息可以匹配到小標題viii。
當一個段落配的其它題目“料”夠足時,甚至可以直接根據(jù)該題信息找到與之相關(guān)的小標題,例如:
填空題:39 Boards tend to place too much emphasis on ________ considerations that are only of short-term relevance. 對應(yīng)小標題vii。
填空題:40 On certain matters, such as pay, the board may have to accept the views of________ . 對應(yīng)小標題i。
由此可見,利用平行閱讀法找小標題一石二鳥,事半功倍!
利用段落結(jié)構(gòu)找到中心句
對于那些后面沒有配其它題的段落,無法通過平行閱讀來找小標題,該怎么辦呢?
咱們還可以利用段落結(jié)構(gòu)找到中心句。所謂讀寫不分家,想要了解雅思閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu),可以先想想自己寫作中的段落布局??忌恢?ldquo;秉承”語文的影響,認為中心句一定在首句或尾句,其實不然。
常見的段落結(jié)構(gòu)有三種:
A. 總分(總)或分總
B. 駁論
C. 提問題- 回答問題。
在考場上讀到一個段落,我們并不知道這個段落屬于上面哪種結(jié)構(gòu),所以需要考生先給段落劃分句子,即看到句點畫斜線隔開。畫斜線時注意瞻前顧后,看看是否有轉(zhuǎn)折詞眼或問號或結(jié)論詞眼。倘若有這三種信號詞中的任意一種即為中心句,倘若這三種信號詞都沒有,則看段首句。
對于最熟悉的第一種段落結(jié)構(gòu),在此不多贅言,主要介紹如何利用后兩種段落結(jié)構(gòu)找對應(yīng)的小標題。
駁論:標志詞有yet, but, however, although,despite 等。
例如劍11-Test 4-Passage 3
原文:(Para. C) …/But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do./…
標題:ii The way in which a few sounds are organized to convey a huge range of meaning
再如劍8-Test 3-Passage 3
原文:(Para. D)…/Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years./…
標題:vii A stable life span despite improvements
當某個段落內(nèi)部既有問句又有轉(zhuǎn)折詞時,優(yōu)先視駁論為中心句。
提問題- 回答問題:標志為問號。段首問句為該段中心句,段尾問句為下一段中心句,段中的問句也得留心。
段首為問句時,不必急著去看后面的問答,精讀問句即可。
例如劍7-Test 1-Passage 2:
原文:(Para. G) What explains this remarkable turn of events? ( 代詞this turn 指代上一段尾句water demand has actually fallen.)
標題:ii An explanation for reduced water use
段尾的問句為下一段的中心句,
例如劍8-Test 3-Passage 3:
原文:(Para. A) …/But are the wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects and the death of living organisms really similar or comparable?
標題:(Para. B) ix Fundamental differences in aging of objects and organisms
考生通過一定的找轉(zhuǎn)折詞和句號訓(xùn)練,都能練就一副鷹眼,快速找到段落中心句。
但是,不少“烤鴨”卻在找對應(yīng)的標題選項時前功盡棄,被“烤”掛了。怎樣才能準確找到對應(yīng)的選項呢?
如何精準匹配到同義替換的選項?
在匹配選項時考生們常犯兩種錯誤:一是過度“青睞”原詞重現(xiàn)的選項,二是斷章取義看選項。
下面看看這兩個壞習慣是如何讓考生們成功入套的。
例如劍12-Test 8-Passage 3-Paragph A,不少學(xué)生根據(jù)中心句The role of bank directors and management and their widely publicised failures have been extensively picked over and examined in reports, inquiries and commentaries.
選了小標題ii The impact on companies of being subjected to close examination。
因為看到了extensively…examined 和close examination 原詞重現(xiàn),但沒有注
意到小標題ii 講的是impact,斷章取義,不看全選項只能黯然傷神。
再如劍7-Test 3-Passage 2-Paragph F, 學(xué)生找的段首總說句為中心句
There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages.
選了小標題iii Greenberg's analysis of the dentaland linguistic evidence。
因為看到了teeth and language 和dental and linguistic,殊不知整段話中從來沒有出現(xiàn)過Greenberg。
所以,要想精準選到與之匹配的小標題必須要注意兩點:一是中心句與選項之間的同義替換,二是注意看全選項,避免斷章取義。如果注意到這兩點,上面劍12 的例子,學(xué)生才會注意到Para. 2 中The knock-on effect of this scrutiny 和小標題ii The impact on companies of being subjected to close examination 之間的同義替換。
對于上面劍8 的例子,學(xué)生在劃分句子瞻前顧后時,注意到?jīng)]有遇到 Greenberg 這個人名,而轉(zhuǎn)向去選小標題ii dental evidence。
綜上所述,在做List of headings 題型時,要注意利用平行閱讀法和段落結(jié)構(gòu)快速找到段落中心句;在匹配選項時,注意同義替換和看全選項。如此一來,
烤鴨們在考場上遇到List of headings才不覺得扎心。