1、關(guān)聯(lián)詞之支持類關(guān)聯(lián)詞
支持類關(guān)聯(lián)詞,即用上此類詞或詞組,句子內(nèi)部或句子間的方向沒有發(fā)生改變,只是根據(jù)前面的句意進(jìn)一步延伸和細(xì)化,對前面的詞和句子起到支撐和補(bǔ)充作用。當(dāng)然,從這個意義上來說,這種詞不一定都是連詞。
◊ 舉例關(guān)聯(lián)詞:for example, for instance, e.g., such as, like, take sth. for example, in particular, specifically
◊ 類比關(guān)聯(lián)詞:like, alike, similar, same, as, resemble, in comparison, compare
◊ 條件關(guān)聯(lián)詞:If, Only if, given that, in case of, unless, as long as , supposing that but for
◊ 選擇,并列和遞進(jìn)關(guān)聯(lián)詞:or, either…or, and, as well, also, besides, apart from, in addition, what’s more, furthermore, moreover, (分號;)
◊ 因果關(guān)聯(lián)詞:
• 表示由......引起的,后接原因的詞或詞組:because, since, as, because of, as a result of, as a consequence of, due to, result from, be attributed to, be contributed to, arise from, stem from, owing to, thanks to, in that
• 表示導(dǎo)致,后接結(jié)果的詞或者詞組:so, therefore, thus, as a result, as a consequence, hence, lead to, result in, attribute to, contribute to, give rise to, bring about, generate, breed, trigger, incur
◊ 總結(jié)關(guān)聯(lián)詞:in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, in sum, all in all, in brief
2、關(guān)聯(lián)詞之反對類關(guān)聯(lián)詞
反對類關(guān)聯(lián)詞,即用上此類詞或詞組,句子內(nèi)部或句子間的方向、句義發(fā)生顛覆性的改變,使前后句子意思形成相反關(guān)系,這類詞包含:
◊ 否定關(guān)聯(lián)詞:not, none, no, never, non-, dis-, un-, in-, im-, -less, few, little, hardly, barely, seldom, neither…nor
◊ 對比關(guān)聯(lián)詞:unlike, by contrast, in contrast, on the contrary, conversely
◊ 轉(zhuǎn)折和讓步關(guān)聯(lián)詞:but, however, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, in fact, actually, despite, in spite of, although, even though, though
(注:雖然in fact, actually這種詞并不屬于轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步類關(guān)聯(lián)詞,但是因為用上這兩個詞或詞組后,句義通常會產(chǎn)生很大改變,因此筆者也把它們收錄于此類關(guān)聯(lián))
◊ 虛擬語氣詞:if … were, if ... had done, if ... would do
(注:以上各類關(guān)聯(lián)詞中所舉的例子僅僅只是常見的一部分,并不涵蓋全部)
關(guān)聯(lián)詞在雅思閱讀中的使用
◊ 運(yùn)用一 借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞巧猜詞
原題摘錄:In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do today.
原文對應(yīng):The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.
解析:本句對應(yīng)已經(jīng)很明顯了,但是在實際教學(xué)過程中,竟然有近三分之一的同學(xué)不認(rèn)識erode這個詞的意思。此時,原文中因為有‘as a consequence’這個經(jīng)典的因果關(guān)聯(lián)詞,那么我們完全可以借助它來幫助我們理解此對應(yīng)句前一句的內(nèi)容,繼而判斷erode這個單詞的大致意思。先 看前一句:‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly skeptical about science and empirically based knowledge’. 當(dāng)然,不認(rèn)識erode的同學(xué),基本也不認(rèn)識前一句中的‘disillusion, skeptical和empirically’這幾個詞。但是,僅僅借助主語less accepting public這個否定式論調(diào),加上disillusion的dis否定詞綴,外加句中并列詞and, 我們不難知道本句大概是否定專家和科學(xué)之類的意思,那么題目對應(yīng)句中的結(jié)果as a consequence, 自然也就不甚良好了。本題判斷為YES。
◊ 運(yùn)用二 借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞秒對應(yīng)
原題摘錄:... However, as archaeologists do not try to influence human behaviour, the writer compares their style of working to that of a 27__________.
解析:因為該題summary有給出范圍是最后兩段,加之前面的25題和26題很容易定位,那么27題的定位基本在這兩題之后,范圍頓時縮小。 加之題干中有compare ... to ...這個類比關(guān)聯(lián)詞,那么在之后的范圍內(nèi)定位類比關(guān)聯(lián)詞,很容易找到‘... is rather like that of the scientist’.
原題摘錄:Some plastics behave in a similar way to 1__________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms.
解析:因為summary題為順序題,且該題為本篇文章的第一種題型,故首題答案在開頭段的概率非常高,利用定位詞‘... melt under heat’不難找到在文中第二段對應(yīng)句“Some are ’thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can be reshaped.” 利用題中類比詞similar, 馬上找到文中對應(yīng)詞like, 答案就是candlewax了。
◊ 運(yùn)用三 借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞巧解題
原題摘錄:The writer admits that global warming is a 38________ challenge, but says that it will not have a catastrophic impact on our future, if we deal with it in the 39________ way.
A. unrealistic B. agreed C. expensive D. right E. long-term
F. usual G. surprising H. personal I. urgent
解析:通讀題目這句話,借助38題空格前面的’a’這個不定冠詞,我們可以排除選項ABCI, 那么38題剩余的選項為5個。借助but這個轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)聯(lián)詞,我們知道后半句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與前半句意思反差不小,后半句講的是“不會對未來產(chǎn)生重大災(zāi)難”,重 在強(qiáng)調(diào)時間“未來”,那前半句是不是要表達(dá)全球變暖會帶來長期影響?答案為E。至于39題,因為有個條件表達(dá),通讀則答案很明顯為D。
原題摘錄:Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29________. In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30_________ nor the 31__________ to express their ideas.
解析:29題中有個particularly表示舉特例,我們需要很具體的例子,能跟數(shù)學(xué)家并列的什么人。那么在原文中找到就不難了,因為在數(shù) 學(xué)家的附近就有個doctors, 講的是相似的內(nèi)容。剩下的兩題,按順序原則,在29題的后面繼續(xù)尋找,而且有否定詞組neither...nor..., 緊接著的下文中出現(xiàn)否定的內(nèi)容只有兩個lack, 用順序詞first and second引導(dǎo)著。
◊ 運(yùn)用四 借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞鎖定大意
原文D段摘錄:Newman believes one of the best studies ... . It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly round railway stations.
解析:本段總共只有三句話,所以每句話的大意都建議大家掃讀一遍,因為每句話都有可能是主旨句。最后一句話中出現(xiàn)了Instead, 一般來說該詞引導(dǎo)的句子都是想要重點突出的內(nèi)容,而且該引導(dǎo)句肯定與前面的句子意思大相徑庭。那么,最后一句既然表達(dá)的是建議建立城中村,而且建在火車站 周邊,往前推一句,“把每個人都推到市中心去并不是個最佳選擇”,那么對應(yīng)選項i. Avoiding an overcrowded centre。
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