信號詞就好比是高速公路上的標識牌,見到了它們,你就知道目的地距離自己的位置還有 多遠的距離,需要直走,還是拐彎。從而采取精讀或是跳讀掃讀等不一樣的方法和閱題技巧。下面我們就分析一下雅思閱讀中信號詞對考點指示的微妙作用。
在介紹信號詞之前,我們先對它們進行一下分類,雅思閱讀中的信號詞能分為幾類呢?把劍橋3-7閱讀出現(xiàn)的與考點相關的信號詞分為兩大類:一個是傳統(tǒng)的信號詞;另一個就是 非傳統(tǒng)的信號詞。為什么要這樣分呢?傳統(tǒng)的信號詞有是我們平時在學校課堂上、寫作課上,老師都強調(diào)的幾大類,表順接和遞進,表對比和轉折,表相似,表時間 先后關系,表排列次序,表因果關系,表舉例和說明關系。而非傳統(tǒng)的信號詞則是我們在平時閱讀中常常忽視的細節(jié),但是根據(jù)劍橋的出題思路和模式,我發(fā)現(xiàn)還有一類的信號詞是常常和考點有密切的聯(lián)系。(這就是因為學生能夠充足的掌握雅思閱讀做題技巧,所以才能窺探其中的奧秘)
首先我們來看一看在劍橋3-7中,傳統(tǒng)的信號詞與考點的聯(lián)系。(注:C-劍橋,P-頁 碼, T-題目)
(一)傳統(tǒng)信號詞
一、順接和遞進
例詞:also, furthermore, moreover, what is more, in addition…
考點:And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom…(C6, P28, T31找標題)
解 析:And在這句話開頭,有一定的遞進含義, this wisdom則是指代了前面一句話出現(xiàn)的their wealth of traditional knowledge(因紐特人傳統(tǒng)的知識),所以這兩句話有緊密的聯(lián)系,同學們在讀題的時候要通過發(fā)現(xiàn)信號詞,然后發(fā)散地看它的前后句,最后把考點考察的 意思補充完整。
二、對比和轉折
例詞:however, but, although, nevertheless, on the other hand, by comparison…
考點:However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.(C4, P66, T13主旨選擇題)
題目中出現(xiàn)了conclude的字 眼,總結段落一般是在文章的最后,然而帶有轉折信號詞however這句話,顯然就是文章的考點所在。
三、相似
例 詞:similarly, in other words, that is, put another way…
考點:In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were‘limits to growth’.(C4, P97, T32分類題)
解析:In other words是解釋,換一種說法,通常會以更加簡單易懂,清晰的話語陳述出難點,常常難點是考點出沒的地方。
四、時間先后
例 詞:firstly, second, next, then, now, later, since, eventually, finally…
考 點:Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain…Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something.(C6, P94, T30選標題)
解析:段落結構很清楚,主要是因為有表達順序的信號詞First、 second、third,讓我們認識這段是在講,侍強凌弱這種現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)開始改變,主要是從三個方面入手:意識、資源、監(jiān)督。這種發(fā)展讓學校有了更多的方 法和有效途徑解決存在的問題。這里的First、second、third提示我們?nèi)齻€方面,同時也是一個發(fā)展的過程。
五、排列 次序
例詞:another, the second, the most, the best…
考 點:Most important of all, the traditional measures of‘risk’, such as parents’ age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures of achievement and language development.(C5, P63, T12判斷題)
解析:most important of all強調(diào)了最重要的事情,也就是文中比較重要的結論要出爐了。Single parents是題目中的關鍵詞,同樣在這一句里出現(xiàn)了,我們可以利用對信號詞的敏感度,快速抓住文章的考點,進行局部精讀。(如何提高雅思閱讀?學生要通過練習把握文章的重中核心是關鍵。)
六、強調(diào)作用
例詞:in fact, in essence, in particular, emphasize…
考 點:This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology- to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates…(C5, P21, T18信息包含題)
解析:信息包含題考察細節(jié)是在那個段落出現(xiàn),在做此類題目時,要注意信號詞與考點的密切相關性,從而迅速找準 答案。這里出現(xiàn)了in essence(實質上),起了一定的強調(diào)作用,迅速掃讀后,發(fā)現(xiàn)同時出現(xiàn)了題目關鍵詞sociobiology,破折號后面的介詞to是表目的與題目中 的the general aim of一致對應。
七、因果關系
例詞:as, because, since, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, the caused of…
考點:The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils(59%) identified that it is human activities, which are destroying rainforests…(C4, P19,T11簡答題)
解析:這道簡答題的文本題就是問the reason for the loss of rainforests,所以我們可以同通過原因信號詞,判斷考點的方位。
八、 舉例子和說明
例詞:for example, for instance, that is to say, i.e., such as, including…
考點: Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton…(C5, P39, T5流程圖)
解析:我們看到such as后面是舉例子,such as后面的例子可以作為定位詞,woodflour, asbestos, cotton就是fillers的其中一種。Fillers在這里就是一個概括性的詞語,常常是考點。
(二)非傳統(tǒng)信號詞
一、 表達客觀結論findings
例詞:indicate that, suggest that, find out, conclude that, point out, report that, demonstrate that…
考 點:But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood.(C4, P50, T38配對題)
解 析:配對題目是典型的人名和成果的配對,我們到文章中定位人名就比較好找到答案,可是人名出現(xiàn)的地方就一定是考點么?不見得。但是一旦表達客觀結論的信號 詞與人名同時出現(xiàn)時,就是考點出沒的地方了。
二、表達主觀觀點statements, opinions
例 詞:say, believe, argue that, maintain that, claim…
考點:The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free work places, schools and public places.(C3, P20, T27分類題)
解析:這道分類題考察區(qū)分a finding和an opinion。表達個人觀點(an opinion)帶有一定的主觀性,所用的信號詞顯然與客觀事實發(fā)現(xiàn)(a finding)的有所區(qū)別。
三、特殊符號
例 詞:‘word’,——, word…
考點:In very significant cases of role change, e.g. from a soldier in the ranks to officer, from bachelor to married man, the change of role has to have a very obvious sign, hence rituals.(C3, P48, T37完成句子)
解析:文中斜體的部分其實就是考察的考點,不知道這個詞語的意思沒有關 系,只要能判斷,需要填寫的單詞是斜體部分,照抄過來就可以輕松拿分。
通過我們上面陳列的兩大類信號詞:傳統(tǒng)的與非傳統(tǒng)的,我相 信可以給備戰(zhàn)的烤鴨們一點寶貴的做題技巧,信號詞與考點是一對好朋友,所以常常信號詞出現(xiàn)的地方,考點都會在它的附近埋伏著,要留心哦!同時,要掌握每一 類信號詞對文章段落的結構起的作用和意義,這樣有利于我們對段落主旨、上下句關系快速的判斷,幫助解題。
總而言之,上述的內(nèi)容其實都是學生經(jīng)過長期的做題積累和雅思閱讀做題技巧的熟練應用而總結出來的。所以,如何提高雅思閱讀?關鍵還是在于學生本人對雅思考試的態(tài)度。技巧的掌握是通過學習方法的找尋和使用凝結而成的。