時態(tài)
1)現在完成進行時態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構成): 動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼續(xù)到現在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構成): 將來某時已發(fā)生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
語態(tài)
可以有兩種被動結構的類型,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應該曉得速度限制)
雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態(tài)
雙賓語結構的被動語態(tài): 雙賓語結構變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
賓補結構的被動語態(tài):
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad leader.
He was considered quite qualified for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.
短語動詞
Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral.
Vi + prep (有被動語態(tài))
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
Vt + adv + O (無被動語態(tài))
I am trying to give up smoking.
Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.
