備戰(zhàn)四級(jí)語法:定語從句

       一、定語從句的概念：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。

　　例如： 1) The man who lives next to us is a fool.

　　2) You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.

　　上面兩句中的the man和the house是定語從句所修飾的詞，叫先行詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。

　　二、關(guān)系詞（連接詞）

　　1．關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞：that, which, who (賓格whom, 所有格whose) 和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why。關(guān)系詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)還做定語從句的一個(gè)成分。

　　2．關(guān)于that, which的用法注意點(diǎn)

　　1）只能用that，不用which作為定語從句關(guān)系代詞的情況

　　a）不定代詞，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞

　　There is nothing that I can do.

　　I mean the one that was bought yesterday.

　　b）先行詞有the only, the very, the same, the last修飾

　　This is the very book that I want to find.

　　The last place that I visited was the hospital.

　　c）先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)

　　This is the first composition that he has written in English.

　　d）先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)

　　He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

　　2）不用that, 只用which的情況

　　a）引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)which

　　The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

　　b）介詞后用which

　　We depend on the land from which we get our food.

　　3．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。

　　1）先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)（country, school, room…），而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語，一般用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。也可以用介詞+which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是which前的介詞選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。

　　Beijing is the place in which (=where) I was born.

　　He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.

　　2）先行詞是表示時(shí)間名詞時(shí)（year, month, day, night…），而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語

　　從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語，一般用when引導(dǎo)定語從句。也可以用介詞+which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是when前的介詞選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。

　　His father died that year in which (=when) he was born.

　　I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.

　　3）先行詞是the reason，而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語，一般用why引導(dǎo)定語從句。也可以用for + which的結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?

　　但是這里要指出的是，如果介詞和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三種意思，則我們只能保留介詞+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter.

　　4．判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

　　方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語，就必須要

　　求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。

　　判斷改錯(cuò)：

　　（ ） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

　?。?） This is the mountain village which I visited last year.

　?。?） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

　?。?） I'll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.

　　方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。

　　1）This is the museum ___ you visited a few days age

　　A. where B. that C. on which D. the one

　　2）This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

　　A. where B. that C. on which D. the one

　　關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞（who, whom,that, which, whose）； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 （where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時(shí)間狀語，why 原因狀語）。

　　5．限定性從句和非限定性從句

　　1）定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。例如：

　　Her sister who is a nurse stands there.（限制性）

　　Her sister, who is a nurse, stands there. (非限制性)

　　All the Greeks who are philosophers are very clever. （限制性）

　　All the Greeks, who are philosophers, are very clever. (非限制性)

　　2） 非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如：The traffic of Beijing is quite bad, which is known to everyone.

　　6．定語從句的省略

　　(1) 關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句賓語

　　我們前面說到連接詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，有可能是主語、有可能是賓語，我相信大家肯定還記得，這里我們要告訴大家，當(dāng)這些連接詞充當(dāng)?shù)氖琴e語時(shí)，可以省略。例如：

　　1. The book (that/which) we bought last year is now very popular.

　　2. We can see the boys (who/whom/that) the teacher is talking with are quite happy.

　　上述第一句的book是先行詞，作后面的定語從句中bought的賓語，故引導(dǎo)詞that/which可以省略，第二句的先行詞students作with的賓語，故引導(dǎo)詞who/that/whom也都可以省略，

　　(2) 關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句主語

　　當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句主語時(shí)，也可以省略，但是省略后的從句要發(fā)生形式的變化，原從句若為主動(dòng)語態(tài)，后面的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)要變成分詞ing形式，原從句若為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，后面的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)直接為過去動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在英語語法中稱為分詞作定語。

　　The novel which was given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.

　　The novel given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.

　　The novel which mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.

　　The novel mainly discussing the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.

　　SP: (1) why的先行詞reason或可用that 指代的名詞也是定語從句的原因狀語時(shí)，例如：

　　1. That is the reason (for which/why) you dislike it.

　　2. I wonder the reason (why/for which) he changed his mind.

　　(2) 表示方式的先行詞way，其后的關(guān)系代詞可用that，也可省略，例如：

　　1. Everyone does not like the way (that) he talks.

　　2. Do you know the way (that) the teacher treated his students.