一、何謂虛擬?
在英語中,語氣(mood)和時態(tài),語態(tài)一樣,都是謂語動詞的一種形式。表明說話的目的和意圖,虛擬語氣即表示說話人主觀愿望或純假設情況,動詞需用特殊形式。例如If I were a boy。其中謂語動詞用were,而不是am, shall, was, have等,是因為說話人為女士,而“我是男人”僅是其假設的語氣,故用了一個在現實情況中絕不可能用到的were來表達這一虛擬的情況。通過在I的后面加were這一詞,能得知這是虛擬假設出來的情況。
常見的虛擬有兩種:
1. 表示非真實假設情況:
If If I had left sooner, I could have caught the train。
如果早點出發(fā),我就能趕上火車了。(但我事實上已經錯過了,對過去的假設虛擬)
He talks so loud as if I were deaf。
他說話聲太響,就像我聾了一樣。 (但事實我沒聾,對現在的假設虛擬)
這種情況虛擬時,只需將謂語動詞變本身的時態(tài)再變過去。第一句話中的虛擬,本身為過去時,因此再變過去,即過去完成時。left變?yōu)閔ad left, could catch變?yōu)閏ould have caught。第二句話中,as if I am deaf,需要對現在假設,因此變?yōu)閍s if I were a deaf。(不用I was deaf,避免與真實情況過去式混淆)類似表示非真實情況的詞還有wish希望, suppose假設, would rather寧愿, but for要不是等。
2. 表示建議、命令、要求等主觀意愿:
He suggested that a petition (should) be drawn up。
這種虛擬時,不管句子時態(tài)如何,表示建議、命令、要求部分的謂語都統(tǒng)一用should do,should可以省略。類似表示建議、命令、要求的常見句型還有sb. suggest /advise /ask /demand /propose /...+ that 從句,或It is important/necessary/essential/ crucial/suggested/advised... +that從句,從句部分表虛擬,其中謂語用(should) do。
二、四級考試中的虛擬語氣
例一:2011.12月四級聽力短對話第12題
12.A) He was looking forward to seeing the giraffes。
B) He enjoyed watching the animal performance。
C) He got home too late to see the TV special。
D) He fell asleep in the middle of the TV program。
W: I really enjoyed the TV special about giraffes last night. Did you get home in time to see it?
M: Oh, yes, but I wish I could have stayed awake long enough to see the whole thing。
Q: What does the man mean?
在這一對話中,女士問是否及時回家看了這個節(jié)目?回答時,男士用了I wish一詞,也就是表示他后面說的話為假設虛擬部分,與真實情況相反,因此他說的stayed awake long enough to see the whole thing是假設,真實情況為他中途睡著,并未看完整期節(jié)目。因此在選擇選項時,因選擇D。
例二:2011年12月四級閱讀
For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education。
參考譯文:舉例來說,要不是儲蓄和儲貸危機,也許還有資金來償還國家債務和向教育撥款。(而事實上沒有資金)
這句話中,but for,表示“要不是”,表示虛擬,所以句子后面的內容為假設情況,與事實相反,因此funds 并不是available的,其真實想表達的含義是沒有資金。
例三:2001年1月四級閱讀
When things don’t turn out as we would like them to, it is very tempting to assume that had we done things differently, the story would have had a happier ending。
參考譯文:當事情結果與我們所期望的不同時,我們會忍不住假設:如果能用不同的方式來處理這件事,那故事結局可能更美好。(但事實上沒有。)
When things don’t turn out as we would like them to, it is very tempting to assume that had we done things differently, the story would have had a happier ending. 方框部分作為assume后的賓語從句,根據had done,would have had 時態(tài)得知,此處實則為虛擬情況,與過去情況虛擬。此處的虛擬還用到了倒裝的語法,省略if,將had提前,變成正常語序即為if we had done things differently, the story would have had a happier ending。 因為虛擬,所以事實上,我們并沒有用不同的方式來處理,結局還是一樣不美好。
如此,便能讀懂作者,聽懂說話人真正想要表達的含義。如果你現在還在糾結到底要用何種技巧解題,何不提升語法基礎,做到聽懂看懂考題,那一切的技巧都將成為浮云。