卡耐基演講·二、隨時(shí)做好發(fā)表即席演講的心理準(zhǔn)備

當(dāng)你在毫無(wú)準(zhǔn)備的情況下被邀請(qǐng)發(fā)言時(shí)，很多時(shí)候是希望你能對(duì)某一個(gè)屬于你的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的題目發(fā)表一些看法。所以主要的問(wèn)題是，要能去面對(duì)這種情況，并梳理出在這短短的時(shí)間里要談?wù)撔┦裁?。有個(gè)非常好的方法可以讓你慢慢地掌握這其中的奧秘，那就是心理上對(duì)這些情況應(yīng)該先有準(zhǔn)備。在開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)，詢問(wèn)自己，如果被邀請(qǐng)起來(lái)講話，應(yīng)該講些什么？這一次最適合講哪個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題？對(duì)于會(huì)上談?wù)摰膯?wèn)題，該怎樣措辭表示贊同或反對(duì)？When you are called on to speak without preparation usually you are expected to make some remarks about a subject upon which you can speak with authority. The problem here is to face up to the situation of talking and to decide what exactly you want to cover in the short time at your disposal. One of the best ways to become adept at this is to prepare yourself mentally for these situations. When you are at a meeting keep asking yourself what you would say now if you were called upon. What aspect of your subject would be most appropriate to cover at this time? How would you phrase your approval or rejection of the proposals now being put forth on the floor?

這就是我的第一個(gè)忠告：在心理上隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備好在各種場(chǎng)合作即席演講。So the first bit of advice I offer is this: condition yourself mentally to speak impromptu on all occasions.

有了這種準(zhǔn)備，你就需要不斷地思考，思考正是全世界最難的事情。不過(guò)我確信，沒(méi)有哪位有即席演講家名號(hào)的人，是沒(méi)有花費(fèi)時(shí)間來(lái)分析各種他參加過(guò)的公開(kāi)場(chǎng)合，并做好準(zhǔn)備的。好像一個(gè)飛行員不斷向自己提出任何可能的難題，以隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備在緊急狀況下作出冷靜而精確的反應(yīng)。一位令人矚目的即席演講家，也是在作過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)次從未發(fā)表過(guò)的演講以后，才把自己準(zhǔn)備妥當(dāng)?shù)摹Ｏ襁@樣的演講，其實(shí)也真不能算是“即席演講”了：因?yàn)樗鼈兪瞧饺站蜏?zhǔn)備著的演講啊。This requires thinking on your part, and thinking is the hardest thing in the world to do. But I am certain that no man ever made a reputation as an impromptu speaker who did not prepare himself by devoting hours of analysis to every public situation in which he was a participant Just as an airline pilot readies himself to act with cool precision in an emergency by continually posing to himself problems that could arise at any moment, the man who shines as an impromptu speaker prepares himself by making countless talks that are never given. Such talks really are not "impromptu"; they are talks with general preparation.

題材應(yīng)該是已知了，剩下的只是怎樣組織起來(lái)，以便于適應(yīng)時(shí)間和場(chǎng)合。既然要作即席講演，時(shí)間上不會(huì)太長(zhǎng)，因此首先考慮的就是場(chǎng)合的問(wèn)題了。不必道歉說(shuō)沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備，這應(yīng)該是意料中的事。應(yīng)盡快投入題目中，進(jìn)行迅速思考。如果現(xiàn)在你還沒(méi)有辦法做到這一點(diǎn)，那你一定要聽(tīng)下面的忠告。Because your subject is known, your problem is one of organization to fit the time and the occasion. As an impromptu speaker you will naturally speak for only a short time. Decide what aspect of your topic would fit the situation. Don't apologize because you are unprepared. This is the expected thing. Launch into your topic as soon as possible, if not immediately, and please, I beg you, follow this advice.