現(xiàn)代英文選評(píng)：D-Day 諾曼第登陸

D-Day 諾曼第登陸

Winston S. Churchill (1874—1965)

本文選自英國(guó)前首相邱吉爾所著《第二次世界大戰(zhàn)史》第六卷（即最后一卷）Triumph and Tragedy（1954）的第一章。邱氏才氣縱橫，吐屬雋雅，其歷史著作與演說(shuō)講稿不少為可傳之作。渠文字修養(yǎng)甚深，同書中收其致外務(wù)部“手諭”一通，甚饒趣味，現(xiàn)抄錄如下：

Prime Minister to Foreign Office　　　　　4 Apr. '45.

Attention should be drawn to the mis-spelling "inadmissable." I have noticed this several times in Foreign Office telegrams.

邱氏于戎馬倥傯，日理萬(wàn)機(jī)之余，對(duì)于一字之微，也不輕易放過(guò)，真可謂心細(xì)如發(fā)矣。

Our long months of preparation and planning for the greatest amphibious operation in history ended on D-Day, June 6, 1944. During the preceding night the great armadas of convoys and their escorts sailed, unknown to the enemy, along the swept channels from the Isle of Wight to the Normandy coast. Heavy bombers of the Royal Air Force attacked enemy coast-defence guns in their concrete emplacements, dropping 5200 tons of bombs. When dawn broke, the United States Air Force came on the scene to deal with other shore defences, followed by medium and fighter bombers. In the twenty-four hours of June 6 the Allies flew over 14,600 sorties. So great was our superiority in the air that all the enemy could put up during daylight over the invasion beaches was a mere hundred sorties.

● long months：很多月以來(lái)。long這個(gè)字安得很好。preparation and planning：準(zhǔn)備和設(shè)計(jì)。amphibious operation：兩棲作戰(zhàn)。D-Day：預(yù)定發(fā)動(dòng)攻擊的那一天。本適用于任何戰(zhàn)役，現(xiàn)常專指聯(lián)軍反攻歐陸，登陸諾曼第的那一天。

● preceding night：六月五日夜里。armada本為西班牙文，等于英文的fleet（艦隊(duì)）。十六世紀(jì)時(shí)，西班牙曾發(fā)“無(wú)敵艦隊(duì)”（The Invincible Armada）攻英，英人談虎色變，所以現(xiàn)在這個(gè)字在英文里的涵義，聲勢(shì)似乎比f(wàn)leet更壯。convoys：護(hù)航隊(duì)。escorts：保護(hù)那些商船運(yùn)輸艦的兵艦。

● swept（sweep的過(guò)去分詞）：障礙物業(yè)已肅清的。（“掃雷艦”的英文名稱是mine sweeper）。channels：海里可供航行的通道。（此字亦作“海峽”解：The English Channel即英法之間的英倫海峽；但此處應(yīng)作“the deeper part of a waterway”解。）

● Isle of Wight：英國(guó)南部一小島。Normandy：法國(guó)西北部的半島。

● Heavy bombers：重轟炸機(jī)。Royal Air Force：皇家空軍，即英國(guó)空軍，簡(jiǎn)寫為RAF。英國(guó)的海軍是Royal Navy (RN)。英國(guó)軍艦的前面都加“皇上陛下的艦船”（His or Her Majesty's Ship），如H. M. S. Hood，即為英艦虎特號(hào)。

● coast-defence guns：海岸防御大炮（defence是英國(guó)拼法，美國(guó)通常作defense）。

● concrete：混凝土（水泥、沙石等）砌成的。emplacements：炮兵陣地。

● When dawn broke：天亮的時(shí)候（天亮是daybreak，入暮是nightfall，注意兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞break和fall的用法）。第二次大戰(zhàn)后期，英國(guó)空軍擔(dān)任夜間轟炸任務(wù)，美國(guó)空軍白天轟炸。

● medium bombers：中型轟炸機(jī)。fighter bomber：戰(zhàn)斗轟炸機(jī)兩用飛機(jī)，較中型轟炸機(jī)為小。重轟炸機(jī)先來(lái)，繼之（followed by）以中型與戰(zhàn)斗轟炸機(jī)。

● over 14,600 sorties：超過(guò)一萬(wàn)四千六百“架次”。一架飛機(jī)出動(dòng)一次，稱為“架次”（sortie），此字源自法文sortir，有“出動(dòng)”之意。一架飛機(jī)出動(dòng)兩次或兩架飛機(jī)出動(dòng)一次，都是“two sorties”。

● superiority in the air：空中優(yōu)勢(shì)?！皊o great…”連后面的“that”。all the enemy could put up=all that the enemy could put up：敵方所能發(fā)動(dòng)者。over the invasion beaches：用之于登陸作戰(zhàn)的海灘上空者。invasion是“侵入”，與aggression（侵略）不同。侵略是壞事，侵入只指行動(dòng)的方向，不問(wèn)行動(dòng)的是非。德國(guó)攻入法國(guó)是invasion，聯(lián)軍攻入歐陸也是。

From midnight three airborne divisions were alighting, the British 6th Airborne Division northeast of Caen to seize bridgeheads over the river between the town and the sea, and two American airborne divisions north of Carentan to assist the seaborne assault on the beaches, and to check the movement of enemy reserves into the Contentin peninsula. Although in places the airborne divisions were more widely scattered than had been intended, the object was in every case achieved.

● airborne division：空運(yùn)師。borne是bear（載運(yùn)）的過(guò)去分詞。alighting：著陸。人下車或鳥棲止都可以用這個(gè)字。此處用過(guò)去進(jìn)行式，有“不斷地降落”之意。

● Caen：法國(guó)地名。bridgeheads：橋頭堡。over the river：這條河大約是指River Ordon。英國(guó)登陸地點(diǎn)是在Caen城的北邊，初步目標(biāo)是占領(lǐng)Caen城；Caen和海岸之間，有河阻隔，故先用空運(yùn)部隊(duì)，在河對(duì)岸占領(lǐng)橋頭堡，直接威脅Caen，并和海岸登陸大軍相呼應(yīng)。

● two American airborne divisions：該兩師的番號(hào)是第82和第101兩空運(yùn)師。Carentan也是諾曼第半島上的一個(gè)城市。seaborne：請(qǐng)參看前面airborne的注。

● check：阻止，抑制。enemy reserves：敵方后備部隊(duì)。the Contentin peninsula：諾曼第半島上一塊凸出的小半島。敵方后備部隊(duì)如開(kāi)入該處，可影響美軍的成敗。

● in places：中國(guó)學(xué)生喜歡用in some places或in many places，但有時(shí)候只說(shuō)in places就夠了。

● more widely scattered than had been intended：較原定計(jì)劃散布為廣，不能如原定計(jì)劃那樣集中降落。than此處用如relative pronoun，做had been intended的主語(yǔ)。in every case：在每點(diǎn)上，各處統(tǒng)統(tǒng)（完成任務(wù)）。

As dawn came and the ships, great and small, began to file into their prearranged positions for the assault, the scene might almost have been a review. Immediate opposition was limited to an attack by torpedo-boats, which sank a Norwegian destroyer. Even when the naval bombardment began, the reply from the coastal batteries was desultory and ineffective. There was no doubt that we had achieved a tactical surprise.

● file：?jiǎn)涡锌v列進(jìn)行；魚貫而駛。prearranged positions：預(yù)定陣地。for the assault：準(zhǔn)備攻擊。the scene might almost have been a review：這景象幾乎像是在軍事檢閱。隊(duì)伍整齊，一切按部就班，幾乎不像是在作戰(zhàn)，但事實(shí)上是在作戰(zhàn)，故動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣might have been。

● Immediate opposition：當(dāng)前的抵抗（僅限于……）。這句用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，句法很緊湊，如用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就要松懈得多。

● torpedo-boats：魚雷艇。Norwegian destroyer：挪威驅(qū)逐艦。

● naval bombardment：海軍排炮轟擊。coastal batteries：海岸炮臺(tái)。reply：還擊。desultory：斷續(xù)散漫。ineffective：效率很低；不能命中。這句動(dòng)詞是個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單的was，句子重心在was后面的兩個(gè)形容詞，這兩個(gè)字定要用得貼切穩(wěn)妥才好。作文煉字的功夫，往往見(jiàn)之于verb to be后面的兩三個(gè)形容詞。

● tactical：戰(zhàn)術(shù)的。一般讀者翻起英漢字典，查到“戰(zhàn)術(shù)的”三個(gè)字，恐怕仍舊莫明所以；這時(shí)候頂好再翻一本有英文解釋的字典，便可獲得更進(jìn)一步的了解。普通英漢字典把strategy解釋作“戰(zhàn)略”，把tactics解釋作“戰(zhàn)術(shù)”。詳言之，strategy著眼于全面戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利，tactics著眼于局部戰(zhàn)役勝利。聯(lián)軍橫渡海峽在法國(guó)西海岸登陸，假如德國(guó)事前毫無(wú)所知，便可稱strategic surprise。但事實(shí)上，第二戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)之說(shuō)，在那時(shí)已甚囂塵上，德軍在西海岸一帶早已結(jié)陣而待，故此事已經(jīng)不成為strategic surprise（此點(diǎn)作者并未明言）。但從1944年6月5日夜間起，聯(lián)軍紛紛出動(dòng)，機(jī)密神速，大舉登陸，把德軍殺得一個(gè)措手不及，這可稱為tactical surprise。聯(lián)軍登陸諾曼第，在兵法上雖不算是出奇制勝；但是在軍事部署調(diào)動(dòng)方面，確是做到“出敵不意，攻敵無(wú)備”這一點(diǎn)的。

Landing and support craft, with infantry, with tanks, with self-propelled artillery, and a great variety of weapons and engineer demolition teams to deal with the beach obstacles, all formed up into groups and moved towards the beaches. Among them were the D. D. (swimming) tanks, which made their first large-scale appearance in battle. It was still very rough from the bad weather of the day before, and a good many of the swimming tanks foundered on the way.

● landing craft：登陸艇。support craft：支援或掩護(hù)登陸作戰(zhàn)的艦艇。注意：craft作艦艇或飛機(jī)解時(shí)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式通常不加s。self-propelled artillery：自行（無(wú)需車輛拖曳）炮。infantry（步兵）和artillery（炮兵或炮）都是集合名詞。

● engineer：工兵。demolition team：爆破班。beach obstacles：海灘上的障礙物。formed up into groups：結(jié)成隊(duì)伍。

● D. D. tanks：D. D. 二字為何字之簡(jiǎn)寫不詳。唯邱氏恐讀者不識(shí)此字，已代為注明是swimming tanks（水陸兩用戰(zhàn)車）。這種戰(zhàn)車大規(guī)模在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上出現(xiàn)，這是有史以來(lái)第一次。

● rough：風(fēng)浪甚大。foundered：浸水沉沒(méi)。

Destroyers and gun and rocket batteries mounted on landing-craft pounded the beach defences, while farther to seaward battleships and cruisers kept down the fire of the defending batteries. Ground opposition was slight until the first landing-craft were a mile from the shore, but then mortar and machine-gun fire grew. Surf and the partly submerged obstacles and mines made the landings hazardous, and many craft were wrecked after setting down their troops, but the advance went on.

● Destroyers：驅(qū)逐艦。gun batteries：炮列，排炮。rocket batteries：排列成行的火箭炮。這兩種炮都架設(shè)（mounted）在登陸艇上。pounded：轟擊。

● farther to seaward：離海岸較遠(yuǎn)處。戰(zhàn)斗艦（battleships）和巡洋艦（cruisers）吃水較深，船上大炮射程較遠(yuǎn)，作戰(zhàn)時(shí)以離海岸較遠(yuǎn)為宜。kept down：壓制（對(duì)方火力）。

● Ground opposition：（敵方）地面的抵抗（微弱）。first landing-craft：此處的動(dòng)詞是用復(fù)數(shù)形式were，故知landing-craft也是復(fù)數(shù)——“第一批登陸艇”，不是“第一艘登陸艇”。mortar：臼炮。

● Surf：拍岸巨浪。partly submerged obstacles：一部分浸在水里的障礙物。mines：水雷。這三樣?xùn)|西都使登陸時(shí)平添危險(xiǎn)（made…h(huán)azardous）。setting down：放下，送……上岸。軍隊(duì)登岸之后，很多登陸艇也隨即被擊毀（wrecked）。船舶損壞，有一個(gè)專用的字：shipwreck。

As soon as the foremost infantry got ashore they dashed forward towards their objectives, and in every case except one made good progress. On "Omaha" beach, northwest of Bayeux, the Vth American Corps ran into severe resistance. By an unlucky chance the enemy defences in this sector had recently been taken over by a complete German division in full strength and on the alert. Our Allies had a very stiff fight all day to make any lodgment at all, and it was not until the 7th that, after losing several thousand men, they were able to force their way inland. Although we did not gain all we sought, and in particular Caen remained firmly in enemy hands, the progress made on the first two days of the assault was judged very satisfactory.

● the foremost infantry：步兵的先頭部隊(duì)。in every case except one：除一處以外，各處進(jìn)展都很順利。

● "Omaha" beach：諾曼第半島上Bayeux城西北一帶的海灘，恐怕本無(wú)名稱，美軍為行軍指揮方便起見(jiàn)，替他杜撰一個(gè)名字Omaha。Omaha原是美國(guó)Nebraska州的一個(gè)地名。the Vth American Corps：美國(guó)第五軍團(tuán)。照美國(guó)陸軍編制，師以上的單位是軍團(tuán)（corps：此字的ps不發(fā)音），軍團(tuán)以上是軍（army），軍以上是集團(tuán)軍（army group）。擔(dān)任諾曼第登陸任務(wù)的是英美聯(lián)軍的第二十一集團(tuán)軍，由美國(guó)第一軍和英國(guó)第二軍組成，美國(guó)第一軍統(tǒng)轄第五和第七兩軍團(tuán)，第五軍團(tuán)統(tǒng)轄第一和第二十九兩師。

● this sector：這一地段。taken over：接防。in full strength：實(shí)力毫未受減損的。on the alert：在警戒狀態(tài)中。

● Our Allies：美國(guó)盟友。stiff fight：艱苦作戰(zhàn)。make any lodgment：占領(lǐng)任何地點(diǎn)。在敵人土地上占領(lǐng)據(jù)點(diǎn)，在軍事學(xué)上稱為lodgment。

● the 7th：六月七日。force their way inland：向內(nèi)陸挺進(jìn)。這句的結(jié)構(gòu)是“It was not until the 7th that…they were able to force…”?！癮fter losing several thousand men”只是插進(jìn)去補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明之用，和主要結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)關(guān)。英文的逗點(diǎn)（comma）常常有括弧的用處（parenthetical），初學(xué)者應(yīng)該注意。

● we did not gain all we sought：我們的目標(biāo)，沒(méi)有全部達(dá)到。這里的“我們”，恐指英軍而言。in particular：尤其是。英軍主要的目標(biāo)，是襲取Caen城，但該城尚在敵軍固守中。

● made是過(guò)去分詞，發(fā)動(dòng)攻擊后頭兩天的進(jìn)展，被認(rèn)為很滿意?！氨徽J(rèn)為”恐怕是歐化的說(shuō)法，誰(shuí)認(rèn)為是滿意呢？大約是聯(lián)軍指揮首腦部門，但是英文里不必明言，只要用一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)就夠了。

From the Biscay ports a stream of U-boats, facing all risks and moving on the surface at high speed, sought to break up the invasion. We were well prepared. The western approaches to the Channel were guarded by numerous aircraft, forming our first line of defence. Behind them were the naval forces covering the landings. Meeting the full blast of our defence, the U-boats fared badly. In the first crucial four days six were sunk by air and a similar number damaged. They were not able to make any impression on the invasion convoys, which continued to move with impunity and with trifling loss.

● Biscay：法國(guó)海灣名，在諾曼第半島之南，西班牙之北，灣內(nèi)著名海港有Bordeaux，La Rochelle等。a stream of U-boats：一連串的德國(guó)潛艇。U是德文Untersee（undersea）的簡(jiǎn)寫。facing all risks：不顧一切危險(xiǎn)。sought（seek的過(guò)去式）：圖謀。break up the invasion：阻止我們的登陸。break up=stop，put an end to。

● the Channel：英倫海峽。western approaches：西邊入口處。our first line of defence：抵御潛艇的第一道防線。

● covering the landings：掩護(hù)我們登陸。

● blast原意是強(qiáng)風(fēng)或爆炸，轉(zhuǎn)作“很大的打擊”。the full blast of our defence可解作“我方防御武器的全部威力”。

● fare=get along（遭逢）。fare well就是go well，常用于分別時(shí)的祝辭（再會(huì)）。welfare（福利）也是從這個(gè)字來(lái)的。fared badly：遭逢不幸，倒霉。

● crucial：緊要關(guān)頭的。在起初四天內(nèi)，有六艘德國(guó)潛艇被空軍所擊沉；被擊毀的差不多也有這個(gè)數(shù)目。

● make any impression on the invasion convoys：登陸護(hù)航艦隊(duì)并不受到潛艇的騷擾。impression：施壓力后所留下的痕跡；潛艇盡管出動(dòng)，叵奈不發(fā)生作用乎？impunity：此字與punishment同源，一人做了壞事不受責(zé)罰，可以說(shuō)He did something wrong with impunity。但此字又轉(zhuǎn)作“不受損害，并無(wú)不良后果”解（freedom from punishment, injury, or other bad consequences）；聯(lián)軍護(hù)航艦隊(duì)，長(zhǎng)驅(qū)直入，泰然無(wú)虞，損失極為輕微（with trifling loss）。