男護(hù)士去哪里了？

ASK health professionals in any country what the biggest problem in their health-care system is and one of the most common answers is the shortage of nurses. In ageing rich countries demand for nursing care is becoming increasingly insatiable. Britain’s National Health Service, for example, has 40,000-odd nurse vacancies. Poor countries struggle with the emigration of nurses for greener pastures. One obvious solution seems neglected: recruit more men. Typically, just 5-10% of nurses registered in a given country are men. Why so few?

對(duì)各國(guó)衛(wèi)生從業(yè)人員而言，他們面臨的最大也是最普遍的問(wèn)題就是護(hù)士短缺。在老齡化的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，護(hù)理服務(wù)日益供不應(yīng)求。譬如，英國(guó)國(guó)民醫(yī)療體系的護(hù)士崗位空缺高達(dá)4萬(wàn)人。欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家則困擾于大量護(hù)士移民外流。最便捷的解決方案就是招募更多的男護(hù)士，但是似乎被刻意忽略了。通常而言，一個(gè)國(guó)家的注冊(cè)護(hù)士當(dāng)中僅有5～10%是男性。男護(hù)士怎么這么少?

Views of nursing as a “woman’s job” have deep roots. Florence Nightingale, who established the principles of modern nursing in the 1860s, insisted that men’s “hard and horny” hands were “not fitted to touch, bathe and dress wounded limbs”. In Britain the Royal College of Nursing, the profession’s union, did not even admit men as members until 1960. Some nursing schools in America started admitting men only in 1982, after a Supreme Court ruling forced them to. Senior nurse titles such as “sister” (a ward manager) and “matron” (which in some countries is used for men as well) do not help matters. Unsurprisingly, some older people do not even know that men can be nurses too. Male nurses often encounter patients who assume they are doctors.

首先因?yàn)樽o(hù)士是“女人的行當(dāng)”這一觀念根深蒂固。南丁格爾于19世紀(jì)60年代創(chuàng)立了現(xiàn)代護(hù)理原則規(guī)范。她也堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為男性“粗礪的”雙手不適合接觸患者、或是為病員傷殘的軀體沐浴、更衣。英國(guó)皇家護(hù)理學(xué)院作為護(hù)士的職業(yè)聯(lián)盟，在1960年才承認(rèn)男性護(hù)士成員。美國(guó)的一些護(hù)理學(xué)院直到1982年才迫于最高法院裁決的壓力開始招收男性。例如“修女”(“sister”，科護(hù)士長(zhǎng)舊稱)或“女總管”(“matron”，護(hù)士長(zhǎng)舊稱)這樣的高級(jí)護(hù)士職稱，對(duì)招募男護(hù)士更是適得其反。毫不意外的，不少上了年紀(jì)的老人家也不認(rèn)同男人居然可以當(dāng)護(hù)士。男護(hù)士也常被患者誤認(rèn)為醫(yī)師。