喝多少酒對健康無害？研究稱：一杯也不行

Just one alcoholic drink a day slightly increases an individual’s risk for health problems, according to a large new study.

一項新的大型研究表明，每天僅喝一杯酒也會導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)健康問題的風(fēng)險輕微增加。

No level of alcohol consumption conferred any health benefits, the authors also concluded — a finding that runs contrary to much previous research and public health guidelines in many countries.

該研究的作者還得出結(jié)論，不管喝多少酒，都不會給健康帶來任何好處，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與許多國家此前的大量研究和公共衛(wèi)生指南相悖。

The analysis, involving 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016, relied on 694 sources of data and analyzed 592 studies to determine the health risks of alcohol use. While the study is among the largest of its kind, it was also observational, linking population-wide consumption to population-wide trends.

該分析涉及1990年至2016年的195個國家和地區(qū)，依據(jù)694個數(shù)據(jù)來源，分析了592項研究，以確定飲酒的健康風(fēng)險。它是同類研究中規(guī)模最大的之一，同時也是一項觀察性研究，在全體人口的消耗和全體人口的趨勢之間建立關(guān)聯(lián)。

The methods left many experts unconvinced.

許多專家對這項研究的方法持懷疑態(tài)度。

Online in Medium, David Spiegelhalter, a statistician at Cambridge University in England, wrote of the study’s conclusion: “Claiming there is no ‘safe’ level does not seem an argument for abstention. There is no safe level of driving, but governments do not recommend that people avoid driving.”

在Medium網(wǎng)站上，英國劍橋大學(xué)(Cambridge University)統(tǒng)計學(xué)家戴維·施皮格霍爾特(David Spiegelhalter)在評論該研究的結(jié)論時寫道：“聲稱沒有‘安全’的飲酒水平，似乎并不構(gòu)成不喝酒的理由。不存在安全的駕駛水平，但政府并不會因此而建議人們不要開車。”

The researchers relied on sales data and surveys to estimate the prevalence of drinking in each country and calculated alcohol consumption in standard drinks daily, defined as 10 grams, or about one-third of an ounce, of pure ethyl alcohol — the equivalent of 3.4 ounces of red wine at 13 percent alcohol, 12 ounces of beer at 3.5 percent alcohol or one ounce of 80-proof whiskey.

研究人員依靠銷售數(shù)據(jù)和調(diào)查來估算每個國家的喝酒流行狀況，并且計算出每天標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的酒精消耗量，得出的結(jié)論是10毫克，也就是三分之一盎司的純酒精——這相當(dāng)于3.4盎司酒精含量為13%的紅酒、12盎司酒精含量為3.5%的啤酒，或者1盎司標(biāo)準(zhǔn)酒度為80的威士忌。

They also devised a method for distinguishing alcohol consumption among tourists from that of resident populations, and linked consumption data to 23 health outcomes, ranging from car accidents, suicides and tuberculosis, to liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease and cancers.

他們還設(shè)計了一種區(qū)分游客與常住人口飲酒量的方法，并將消費(fèi)數(shù)據(jù)與23種健康后果聯(lián)系起來，其中包括車禍、自殺，以及肺結(jié)核、肝硬化、心血管疾病和癌癥。

In 2016, 25 percent of women and 39 percent of men were currently drinkers — about 2.4 billion people worldwide. Women consumed an average of 0.73 drinks a day, while men had 1.7 drinks.

2016年，25%的女性和39%的男性是飲酒者——全球的飲酒人數(shù)達(dá)到24億。女性平均每天喝0.73杯酒，而男性每天喝1.7杯。

Rates of alcohol consumption vary widely by country, but in general the higher a country’s income level, the higher the prevalence of drinking.

不同國家的酒精消費(fèi)量存在巨大差異，但總體來說，一個國家的收入水平越高，飲酒的流行程度也就越高。

The study, published in the Lancet, concluded that alcohol consumption is involved in 2.8 million deaths annually worldwide, making it the seventh leading risk factor for death and disability.

發(fā)表在《柳葉刀》(Lancet)雜志上的這項研究得出的結(jié)論是，全球每年有280萬人死于喝酒，使其成為導(dǎo)致死亡和殘疾的第七大風(fēng)險因素。

Among people aged 15 to 49, alcohol use is the single most common risk factor for death and disability. In 2016, alcohol accounted for 6.8 percent of male and 2.2 percent of female deaths.

在15歲至49歲的人群中，喝酒是導(dǎo)致死亡和殘疾的最常見風(fēng)險因素。2016年，6.8%的男性和2.2%的女性死于酒精。

“The main difference between alcohol and smoking is that no one is surprised that smoking is bad,” said the lead author, Emmanuela Gakidou, a professor of health metrics sciences at the University of Washington.

該研究的第一作者、華盛頓大學(xué)(University of Washington)的健康計量科學(xué)教授埃馬努埃拉·賈齊杜(Emmanuela Gakidou)說，“酒精和吸煙之間的主要區(qū)別是，沒人會對抽煙不好感到驚訝。”

“But there’s a lot of surprise, even among experts, that alcohol is as bad for you as it is.”

“但即便是在專家當(dāng)中，也有很多人驚訝酒精有害健康。”

Many studies and most health guidelines suggest that moderate drinking — one or two drinks a day — is safe and may even reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke or diabetes.

許多研究和大多數(shù)健康指南都顯示，適量飲酒——一天一兩杯——是安全的，甚至有可能降低心臟病、中風(fēng)或糖尿病的風(fēng)險。

But Dr. Gakidou and her colleagues found that just one drink a day for one year increases alcohol-related health problems slightly, to 918 per 100,000 people from 914 per 100,000.

但賈齊杜和她的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，每天喝一杯酒，一年下來，也會導(dǎo)致與酒精相關(guān)的健康問題輕微增加，出問題的人從每10萬人當(dāng)中914人增加到了918人。