蔬菜和水果也不能亂吃！專家：亂吃可致病

營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)家一直告訴人們多吃蔬菜水果有益健康，但并不是只要是蔬菜水果就可以隨便吃，吃什么、吃多少取決于每個(gè)人的身體情況。吃錯(cuò)蔬菜水果，不但會(huì)有副作用，可能還會(huì)讓你生病。下面這些蔬果不能亂吃。

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AVOCADO 鱷梨(牛油果)

People who are sensitive to latex can also have an allergic reaction to avocado.

對(duì)乳膠敏感的人可能對(duì)鱷梨也會(huì)有過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。

Latex comes from the sap of the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. A study of 137 patients with rubber latex allergy, published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, found that 21.1 percent were also allergic to particular foods, including banana (18.3 percent) and avocado (16.3 percent).

乳膠來(lái)自橡膠樹的汁液。一項(xiàng)發(fā)表在《美國(guó)飲食協(xié)會(huì)學(xué)報(bào)》上的研究在調(diào)查了137位對(duì)膠乳過(guò)敏的患者后發(fā)現(xiàn)，21.1%的患者也對(duì)特定食物過(guò)敏，其中包括香蕉(18.3%)和鱷梨(16.3%)。

This is because some of the proteins in latex that cause allergic reactions are also present in these fruits.

這是因?yàn)槿槟z中會(huì)導(dǎo)致過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的一些蛋白質(zhì)在這些水果中也存在。

The same cross-reactivity can happen with kiwi fruit, says Professor Jean Emberlin, scientific director of Allergy UK. ‘The proteins are very similar in both the latex and the fruit, so they can trigger similar reactions.’

英國(guó)過(guò)敏協(xié)會(huì)的科學(xué)主任瓊·艾姆伯林教授說(shuō)，獼猴桃也會(huì)產(chǎn)生同樣的交叉過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。“乳膠和獼猴桃中的蛋白質(zhì)非常相似，所以會(huì)引發(fā)相似的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。”

Symptoms include tingling in the mouth, stuffy nose, itchy eyes, wheezing and, in rare cases, life-threatening anaphylaxis.

過(guò)敏癥狀包括口腔刺痛、鼻塞、眼睛癢、哮喘，在極少數(shù)情況下還可能引發(fā)致命的過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)。

CHERRIES 櫻桃

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‘Cherry stones can be dangerous if chewed and then swallowed, as they contain a chemical compound based on the poison cyanide,’ says Dr Sanjay Prasad, a consultant cardiologist at the Royal Brompton Hospital in London.

倫敦皇家布朗普頓醫(yī)院的心臟科顧問(wèn)醫(yī)師桑杰·普拉薩德說(shuō)：“將櫻桃核咀嚼后吞下會(huì)有危險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)闄烟液撕幸环N本質(zhì)為有毒氰化物的化合物。”

If the stone is ground down, say by chewing, then the compound amygdalin, a form of cyanide, is released.

如果櫻桃核被嚼碎或碾碎，這種名為苦杏仁苷的化合物(一種氰化物)就會(huì)釋放出來(lái)。

This can cause fever, headaches, falling blood pressure and, in extreme cases, can be fatal.

攝入這種化合物會(huì)導(dǎo)致發(fā)燒、頭痛、血壓下降，在極端情況下還可致命。

Research suggests the cyanide compound in cherries could be fatal in doses as small as 1.5 mg per kilogram of bodyweight, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

根據(jù)歐洲食品安全局的數(shù)據(jù)，研究顯示，櫻桃中氰化物的攝入量只要達(dá)到每公斤體重1.5毫克，就會(huì)致命。

A single cherry yields roughly 170 mg of cyanide per gram of seed — which means ingesting one or two freshly crushed stones could be dangerous. Apricot kernels also contain high levels of amygdalin — eating more than three small, raw apricot kernels, or less than half of one large kernel, can be a serious health risk, says the EFSA.

每克櫻桃核大約會(huì)產(chǎn)生170毫克的氰化物，這意味著吃下一兩個(gè)剛碾碎的櫻桃核就會(huì)很危險(xiǎn)。據(jù)歐洲食品安全局稱，苦杏仁也含有大量苦杏仁苷，吃下三個(gè)以上的生的小苦杏仁，或者不到半個(gè)大苦杏仁，就會(huì)對(duì)健康產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重危害。

The chemical is also found in apple seeds — but you would have to eat two cups of ground seeds for it to be fatal.

蘋果核中也含有這種化合物，不過(guò)要吃掉兩杯碾碎的蘋果核才會(huì)有生命危險(xiǎn)。

GRAPEFRUIT 葡萄柚

If you’re taking statins, check with your doctor whether you can have grapefruit juice, says Dr Prasad. ‘Statins are broken down by an enzyme in the liver, CYP3A, which normally reduces the amount of drug that enters your bloodstream.’

普拉薩德醫(yī)生說(shuō)，如果你正在服用他汀類藥物，和你的醫(yī)生確認(rèn)一下你能否喝葡萄柚汁。“肝臟中一種名為CYP3A的酶能分解他汀類藥物，正常情況下會(huì)減少進(jìn)入血流的藥物量。”

But grapefruit contains compounds that affect the function of CYP3A and therefore increases the potency of the drug (because less is broken down).

但是葡萄柚所含的化合物會(huì)影響CYP3A的功能，從而增加藥物的效力(因?yàn)楸环纸獾舻乃幜孔兩倭?。

BANANAS 香蕉

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Avoid very large quantities of bananas if you’ve had kidney problems, as they contain the mineral potassium.

如果你有腎病，不要吃太多香蕉，因?yàn)樗鼈兒械V物鉀。

‘Kidneys regulate the amount of potassium in the body and if they’re functioning normally, they can control intake,’ explains Paul Cathcart, a consultant urological surgeon at Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital in London.

倫敦蓋伊和圣托馬斯醫(yī)院的泌尿外科顧問(wèn)醫(yī)師保羅·卡思卡特解釋道：“腎能調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)的鉀含量，如果腎臟正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，就能控制人體吸收的鉀。”

But kidneys that don’t function normally can allow potassium to build up, potentially triggering hyperkalemia, which causes nausea, a slower pulse and an irregular heartbeat.

但是，不能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的腎臟會(huì)讓鉀不斷累積，從而可能引發(fā)高鉀血，導(dǎo)致惡心、脈搏變慢和心跳不齊等癥狀。

‘So if you have a renal impairment or have had kidney disease, you should have a lower potassium intake,’ says Mr Cathcart.

卡思卡特說(shuō)：“所以，如果你有腎損傷或腎病，應(yīng)該少攝入鉀。”

Healthy adults need about 3,500mg of potassium a day, says dietitian Dr Sarah Schenker. The average banana contains between 400 mg and 450 mg, so you’d have to eat more than seven-and-a-half bananas to reach that level.

營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)家莎拉·申克爾博士說(shuō)，健康的成人每天需要大約3500毫克鉀。一根普通的香蕉含有400到450毫克的鉀，所以你必須吃7根半香蕉才能達(dá)到這一水平。

BEETROOT 甜菜根

If you’ve had kidney stones, avoid beetroot, says Bhaskar Somani, a consultant urological surgeon and honorary senior lecturer in urology at University Hospital Southampton.

南安普頓大學(xué)醫(yī)院泌尿外科顧問(wèn)醫(yī)師和榮譽(yù)高級(jí)講師巴斯卡·索曼尼說(shuō)，如果你有腎結(jié)石，就不要吃甜菜根。

‘Beetroot contains oxalates — substances that prevent calcium being absorbed.’

“甜菜根含有草酸——這種物質(zhì)可以阻止鈣被人體吸收。”

Most people’s bodies can break down and eliminate these substances via the kidney or colon. But in some people, oxalates can accumulate, leading to stones.

多數(shù)人的身體都可以通過(guò)腎臟或結(jié)腸來(lái)分解和消除這些物質(zhì)。但對(duì)有些人而言，草酸則會(huì)在體內(nèi)積聚，引發(fā)結(jié)石。

SPROUTS 豆芽菜

Sprouts should be avoided if you’re taking the anticoagulant drug warfarin, used to help prevent blood clots or to keep a clot from getting bigger, advises Yoon Loke, a professor of medicine and pharmacology at the University of East Anglia.

東安格利亞大學(xué)的醫(yī)藥學(xué)教授永恩·洛克建議，如果你正在服用抗凝血藥物華法林，就不要吃豆芽菜。

‘This is because green, leafy vegetables such as sprouts and spinach are high in vitamin K, a nutrient needed to make clotting factors in the body — the opposite of what warfarin does, which is to thin the blood.

“這是因?yàn)槎寡坎撕筒げ说染G葉蔬菜含有大量維生素K——一種凝血因子所需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)——和華法林正相反，華法林會(huì)讓血液變稀。”

‘So vitamin K inhibits the effects of warfarin.’

“所以維生素K會(huì)抑制華法林的藥效。”

CABBAGE 卷心菜

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Raw cabbage, along with cauliflower and kale, contains goitrogens — substances that can affect thyroid function by blocking production of the hormone thyroxine, says Dr Mark Vanderpump, a consultant endocrinologist at The Physicians’ Clinic in London.

倫敦內(nèi)科醫(yī)生診所的內(nèi)分泌科顧問(wèn)醫(yī)師馬克·范德普說(shuō)，生卷心菜和花椰菜、羽衣甘藍(lán)一樣含有致甲狀腺腫因子，這種物質(zhì)能通過(guò)阻止甲狀腺激素的分泌影響甲狀腺功能。

The hormone helps to absorb iodine, which is essential for normal thyroid function.

這種激素有助于吸收碘，而碘對(duì)于正常的甲狀腺功能至關(guān)重要。

The effects are small, so cabbage is unlikely to cause problems in healthy people and those who are taking the drug levothyroxine for underactive thyroid.

由于作用比較小，所以卷心菜不太可能讓健康的人和因甲狀腺機(jī)能低下而服用左旋甲狀腺素的人身體出問(wèn)題。

‘But these vegetables may be an issue for those who have a low thyroid function but haven’t been diagnosed. Symptoms include tiredness and weight gain,’ says Dr Vanderpump.

范德普醫(yī)生說(shuō)：“但這些蔬菜對(duì)于那些甲狀腺機(jī)能低下但還未被診斷出的患者可能是個(gè)問(wèn)題。甲狀腺機(jī)能低下的癥狀包括疲倦和增重。”

BROAD BEANS 蠶豆

Tyramine, found in foods including broad beans, chocolate and hard cheese, is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure.

蠶豆、巧克力和硬質(zhì)奶酪等食物所含的酪胺是一種有助于調(diào)節(jié)血壓的氨基酸。

However, if you take one of the older forms of antidepressant known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, the drug can block the enzyme that breaks down excess tyramine.

但是，如果你服用比較老的抗抑郁藥單胺氧化酶抑制劑，這種藥物會(huì)阻斷能分解過(guò)多酪胺的酶。

A build-up of tyramine can lead to critically high blood pressure, says Dr Prasad.

普拉薩德醫(yī)生說(shuō)，酪胺的累積可引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的高血壓。

CRANBERRIES 蔓越橘

Cranberry juice contains salicylic acid, a key ingredient in aspirin, so reduce the amount you drink if you take aspirin regularly (it is often prescribed as a blood thinner for those who have had a heart attack), as this could thin the blood further.

蔓越橘汁含有水楊酸，這是阿司匹林中的關(guān)鍵成分，所以如果你定期服用阿司匹林(醫(yī)生經(jīng)常給發(fā)作過(guò)心臟病的人開(kāi)阿司匹林，因?yàn)檫@能稀釋血液)，就要少喝蔓越橘汁，否則會(huì)讓血液進(jìn)一步變稀。

‘Drinking more than three glasses of cranberry juice a day can increase the amount of salicylic acid in your body,’ says Professor Loke. ‘To be on the safe side, keep intake to less than this if you take aspirin regularly.’

洛克教授說(shuō)：“每天喝超過(guò)三杯的蔓越橘汁會(huì)增加體內(nèi)的水楊酸。如果你定期服用阿司匹林，安全起見(jiàn)，喝蔓越橘汁不要超過(guò)三杯。”

Salicylic acid could also potentially affect how you metabolise warfarin.

水楊酸還可能影響體內(nèi)華法林的代謝。