英語六級(jí)閱讀捷徑：閱讀中的邏輯詞匯

一篇文章的各個(gè)段落之間、各個(gè)句子之間都存在一定的邏輯關(guān)系，正確理解這樣的邏輯關(guān)系對于閱讀者有著很重要的意義：首先，借助上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，閱讀者能夠更好地理解文章大意、把握中心思想;其次，出題者往往針對文章中出現(xiàn)重要邏輯關(guān)系的語句出題。因此，在閱讀過程中，閱讀者應(yīng)當(dāng)十分注重把握文章的邏輯關(guān)系、把握表示邏輯關(guān)系的小詞。

一些比較重要的表示邏輯關(guān)系的小詞分述如下：

一、表示強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞匯

表示強(qiáng)烈轉(zhuǎn)折的常見詞匯包括：but, yet, however, in fact, nevertheless,nonetheless, indeed, virtually,practically等等。出題者常常針對表示轉(zhuǎn)折含義的語句出題，因此轉(zhuǎn)折的詞匯應(yīng)當(dāng)引起閱讀者的注意，閱讀者尤其應(yīng)當(dāng)把握好轉(zhuǎn)折詞后的文章信息。

例 1 ：四級(jí)2001年1月22題

22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroidwith Earth?

A) It is very unlikely but the danger exists。

B) Such a collision might occur once every 25 years。

C) Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more oftenthan expected。

D) It’s still too early to say whether such a collision mightoccur。

22題考查專家如何評論小行星與地球的碰撞。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“collision”，可以將考題定位至原文二段。在二段末句我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折標(biāo)志詞“But”，我們可以將考題定位在這句表示強(qiáng)烈轉(zhuǎn)折的句子上，閱讀者應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)把握“But”之后的內(nèi)容。

Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星) that raceacross the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don’tthreaten us. But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbitsput them on a collision course with Earth。

二段最后兩句話的大意是：大多數(shù)(小行星)繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)，離地球很遠(yuǎn)，不會(huì)威脅到地球。但是仍舊有成千上萬顆小行星，它們的軌道是要與地球碰撞的。

根據(jù)這句話我們可以推斷小行星和地球相撞的機(jī)率不大，但是確實(shí)存在著這樣的可能性。因此22題A選項(xiàng)“It is veryunlikely but the danger exists。” (可能性不大，但是危險(xiǎn)存在)，是正確選項(xiàng)。

例 2 ：六級(jí)1998年6月32題：

32. Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _______。

A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels。

B) Their sound levels are kept around peak levels。

C) Their sound levels are kept in the middle frequencyranges。

D) Unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies overa wide range。

32題考察廣告聽起來很吵的原因，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“Commercial”我們可以定位到文章的第二段。在第二段的最后一句話中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了“However”這一表示強(qiáng)烈轉(zhuǎn)折的詞，我們可以將考題定位在二段末兩句話。

The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in additionto its speak level. Advertisers are skilful at creating theimpression of loudness through their expert use of such factors.One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials isthat mush less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial.In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a largerange. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or nearpeak levels。

最后兩句話的大意是：在普通節(jié)目中，聲音的強(qiáng)度變化很大。然而，在廣告中，聲音始終保持在峰值。

根據(jù)這兩句話的提示，我們可以推斷廣告聽起來吵的原因便是聲音始終保持在峰值，沒有強(qiáng)度的變化。因此，32題的B選項(xiàng)“Theirsound levels are kept around peak levels。” (聲音始終保持在峰值)是正確選項(xiàng)。

二、表示因果關(guān)系的詞匯

出題者十分熱衷于針對文章中表示因果關(guān)系的語句出題，這樣的語句應(yīng)當(dāng)引起閱讀者的注意，閱讀者應(yīng)當(dāng)把握原因和結(jié)果分別指代什么文章信息。表示因果關(guān)系的詞可作如下分類：

1、名詞：base, basis, result, consequence, reason

2、動(dòng)詞：cause, result in, result from, follow from, base on, be dueto

3、介詞或連詞：because, since, for, as, therefore, so, thus, why,with

4、副詞：as a result, consequently

例 1 ：四級(jí)2002年6月39題：

39. People were given physical fitness tests in order to findout ________。

A) how well they could do in athletics

B) what their health condition was like

C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for them

D) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise

39題考查對人們進(jìn)行體能測試的目的。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“physical fitnesstests”，我們可以將考題定位至原文第二段，在第二段首句我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了因果關(guān)系標(biāo)志詞“because”，二段首句就是我們要尋找的答案，閱讀者應(yīng)當(dāng)注意閱讀“because”后的原因內(nèi)容。

Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually includedmeasures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-relatedreasons, but primarily because such fitness components have beenrelated to performance in athletics. However, in recent years,evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily toimprove muscular strength and endurance might also offer somehealth benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicinenow recommends that weight training be part of a total fitnessprogram for healthy Americans. Increased participation in suchtraining is one of the specific physical activity and fitnessobjectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion andDisease Prevention Objectives。

二段首句的大意為：歷史上，大多數(shù)體能測試通常包括肌肉力量測試和耐力測試，這并不是要看誰更健康，主要是因?yàn)檫@些體能指標(biāo)與體育成績有關(guān)。

根據(jù)這句話我們可以推斷，對人們進(jìn)行體能測試是出于體育的目的，其目的在于考查他們能在運(yùn)動(dòng)中取得多好的成績。因此A選項(xiàng)“howwell they could do in athletics”(人們在運(yùn)動(dòng)中能取得怎樣的成績)，是正確選項(xiàng)。

例 2 ：六級(jí)2001年1月19題：

19. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects ofEmily's experiment?

A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing.

B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun。

C) It was more straightforward than other experiments.

D) They sensed no harm in a little girl'sexperiment. 

19題考察為何TT的從業(yè)人員同意接受Emily的實(shí)驗(yàn)。在文章三段最后兩句，我們找到了標(biāo)志詞“because”，這兩句話闡述了某個(gè)因果關(guān)系。

Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To providesuch proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independenttesting--something they haven't been eager to do, even though JamesRandi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who candemonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had onetaker so far. She failed。) A skeptic might conclude that TTpractitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But whocould turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily: “I thinkthey didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid."

最后兩句的大意為：誰會(huì)拒絕一個(gè)四年級(jí)的小孩?Emily說：“因?yàn)槲沂莻€(gè)孩子，所以他們沒把我當(dāng)回事。”

根據(jù)這兩句話我們可以推斷TT從業(yè)人員之所以參見Emily的試驗(yàn)，是因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為Emily只是一個(gè)小孩子，參加她的試驗(yàn)應(yīng)當(dāng)沒有任何危險(xiǎn)。因此，19題D選項(xiàng)“They sensed no harm in a little girl'sexperiment。”(他們感到一個(gè)小女孩的實(shí)驗(yàn)沒什么危險(xiǎn))是正確選項(xiàng)。