托福獨立寫作如何進行引證
而托福獨立寫作往往還要求學生使用實例名人名言等“引證”，這更是增加了大家的難度。所以我們會覺得在初中、高中甚至是四、六級的考試當中，寫作也還是可以的，但是一到托福的考試過程當中，往往很難拿捏到底什么樣的寫作是好的寫作，什么樣的文章是好的文章。
希望今天大家讀完文章后可以對于托福獨立寫作中“引證”這個獨特的拿分點有所領(lǐng)悟。
托福獨立寫作字數(shù)一般情況下350到450字之間，太長或者過短都不太好。這些字數(shù)中包括了學生“引證”時使用的事例或者諺語等。托福寫作鼓勵學生多使用事例，包括名人名言，個人經(jīng)歷，新聞報道，諺語，成語，這些都是可以用在托福獨立寫作中的“引證”，接下來我們將用一個具體的作文題目及范文幫助大家更好的理解“引證”。
這里有一個托福獨立寫作題目：
Which one do you prefer, to solve problems on your own experience and knowledge, or to ask others for advice?
范文：
As knowledge and experience serve as twin towers in problem-solving, one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, either to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Newton, siting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out one of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe, or to seek for others’ wisdom through their advice, just as in the case of Benjamin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown library. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjamin Franklin may best be regarded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative.
Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others’ advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and efficiency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone’s mind is, more often than not, far less shining compared with group’s wisdom. That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants; that explains why a great leader is always with greater minds; that also explains why teamwork in corporation is highly emphasized in the 21st century. Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individual involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village.
Asking others’advice instead of getting everything done on one’s own promotes democracy and communication too. In terms of democracy, it is necessary to give others rights and chances to speak since the problem may concern them in different ways, and their saying in turn reflects our respect toward freedom of speech as well as their wisdom. In terms of communication, idea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions, and hereby better mutual understanding about perspectives, principles, practicalities and personalities of each other.
Admittedly turning to others for help and suggestion by no means refers to absolute and irresponsible dependence. Consideration upon different thoughts and ideas broadens our mind, enlarges our vision, furthers understanding, enhances more effective and efficient brainstorm, and stresses mutual respect in groups and communities, which undoubtedly gives rise to better, if not the best solutions. As is paraphrased from John F Kennedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do.
那么在以上內(nèi)容中，“引證”有哪些呢?
開頭段中：
“…….one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, either to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Newton, siting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out one of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe……”
“…… just as in the case of Benjamin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and the establishing a most world-renown library.”
以上兩個點分別使用了牛頓和富蘭克林兩位偉人的故事來印證作者的觀點。作者想要表示兩種途徑均可以達到解決問題的作用，而這兩個案例似的作者的觀點不那么的空洞和單薄，這是外國人喜歡的論證方式：以事實說話。在開頭段結(jié)尾處，作者最后還是選擇了富蘭克林代表的去找別人詢問意見。
中間的段落中：
“That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants;”
“Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individual involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village.
以上兩個點也是“引證”。這次不是名人案例，作者在這里選擇使用諺語及實例來進行“引證”。第一句諺語實際上就是大家所熟悉的“站在巨人的肩膀上，所以看得遠”，也我們的一句老話“站得高看得遠”頗有異曲同工之妙。
第二個“引證”則是用“頭腦風暴”這個實例來進一步論證自己的觀點。這樣的形式變化不僅可以讓考生的選擇更加多樣，更讓考官不會覺得“引證”選擇過于單一而對學生的寫作素材量產(chǎn)生懷疑。
結(jié)尾段中：
“As is paraphrased from John F Kennedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do.”
作者再次引用肯尼迪總統(tǒng)的言論作為結(jié)尾進行加強“引證”。為自己的獨立寫作劃上了一個強有力的結(jié)尾。
通過對這篇文章的分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)。引證可以有很多形式，偉人故事、名人名言、諺語習語、甚至是新聞故事。只要能夠與大家的論點相切合，我們都可以“引證”到獨立寫作當中。
要想做好這一點。大家必須要更多的在平時的練習中積攢相應(yīng)的素材，做到考前心中有數(shù)，這樣我們才能更好的完成托福寫作對我們的要求。另外，“引證”不可以過多，但是也不能太少，它的比例很重要，另外引證的位置是很重要的，不能濫竽充數(shù)一般的隨便搬一段“引證”放在錯誤的位置或者段落都會造成適得其反的不良效果，只要能做到以上這些，大家的托福獨立寫作“引證”之路肯定會越走越順暢的。
