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托福寫作備考策略之獨(dú)立話題

所屬教程:托福寫作

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2016年12月14日

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  選取2016年9月獨(dú)立機(jī)經(jīng)部分題目

  1.Somestudents prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their grades determined by only afew large ones. Which do you prefer and why?

  2.An effective leader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.

  3.If a city has an amount of money, which option listed in the following do you prefer?

  Build a public garden to provide quiet environment to benefit all

  Build a sports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.

  4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle and healthy eating.

  5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they are today.

  6.In the past,young people depended on their parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to make decisions on their own.

  7.It is better to relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.

  8.We should state our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.

  9.In order to succeed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.

  10.People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.

  11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.

  12.Technology designed to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.

  13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to moviesand programs made in other countries.

  14.It is as important for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.

  15.To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achieve success.

  16.It is important to know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal life.

  實(shí)用方法介紹

  丨1.常用論點(diǎn)/理由

  針對獨(dú)立寫作的常見話題,大致可歸成三類:個人類(關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)、工作、休閑、做人的選擇);古今類(題目中有明顯的now… past … 讓考生判斷現(xiàn)在和過去在某一方面的比較);決策類(題目中通常有g(shù)overnment這個詞出現(xiàn),討論政府的投資或者政策,有些題目雖然沒有g(shù)overnment這個詞出現(xiàn),但如果涉及的是有社會影響力的話題,也可以劃為政府類,比如 A/D Professional athletes such as the football playerand basketball player deserve high salaries that they are paid.)

  1)個人類常用理由

  學(xué)知識、練技能、拓展視野……..

  工作機(jī)會、賺錢…….

  交朋友、陪伴家人……. (合作、溝通) …….

  品質(zhì)(自信,獨(dú)立,堅(jiān)持,樂觀 ) / 興趣愛好

  身體健康、放松心情…….

  省時間、省錢、省精力………..

  2)古今類常用理由

  現(xiàn)代社會的優(yōu)點(diǎn):

  教育: 先進(jìn)全面鼓勵個性

  工作:種類豐富機(jī)會多

  醫(yī)療:治愈緩解更多疾病

  技術(shù):網(wǎng)絡(luò)電子產(chǎn)品汽車

  公共設(shè)施:便利的交通娛樂購物餐飲

  法律制度:保障個人權(quán)利

  媒體:揭露真相傳播信息

  人與人:互動頻繁、方便

  經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步:更充裕的錢和無助

  世界和平:更少的戰(zhàn)爭傷亡

  現(xiàn)代社會的缺點(diǎn):

  環(huán)境問題(污染,能源消耗)

  生活壓力(學(xué)習(xí),工作)

  欺騙敲詐

  3)決策類常用思路

  注:除了使用個人類常用理由,針對決策類這種和政府相關(guān)有社會影響力的題目,建議多角度討論,一下是常見的討論角度:

  1.大眾 individuals

  對我們有什么用?(放松健康省錢知識關(guān)系等等)

  是不是我們每個人都需要的?(大多數(shù)/ 小眾)

  2. 相關(guān)群體relativegroups

  題目中談?wù)摰降谋热鏰rtists,scientists, athletes 等等

  3. 企業(yè)companies

  企業(yè)有錢,可以代替政府去投資有利可圖的領(lǐng)域

  4. 社會 Society

  Economy(tourism), culture, safety, improvement …

  丨2.對比段

  通常來說,托福獨(dú)立寫作的論證寫3段,上文介紹了最基本的常用理由,但有時候,因?yàn)楦鞣N原因只想出2個理由的時候,可以寫一段對比段,即把對比論證寫一段。

  具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解

  丨3.讓步段

  除了對比段之外,讓步段也可以解決只有2個理由缺少第三個段落的問題。

  具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解

  丨4.拆分法/分情況討論

  針對一些比較抽象的獨(dú)立寫作話題,我們可以分情況討論,或者對于關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行定義和拆分,在更加具體的情況下方便論證。

  具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解

  丨5.檢驗(yàn)論點(diǎn)

  沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案,這是獨(dú)立解題最自由的地方。但這并不意味著什么樣的理由都可以作為論點(diǎn)并且展開段落的。課堂上,一些學(xué)生可以馬上相處三個理由,但仔細(xì)探究,可能只有一個理由是可以作為論點(diǎn)的。

  這里說一下三個檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1.支持觀點(diǎn) 2. 論點(diǎn)相互不重疊 3. 易于展開

  丨6.靈活調(diào)整

  根據(jù)ETS的出題,我們知道,題目是千變?nèi)f化的,為了幫助學(xué)生更好的應(yīng)對,老師們會總結(jié)出一些實(shí)用方法,對學(xué)生來說,比死記硬別、生搬硬套更重要的是,在題目的練習(xí)中,去運(yùn)用這些方法,并且靈活的調(diào)整。

  如果覺得一些常用理由不適合支持某一道題,那么就放棄這個理由;

  如果只想出兩個理由,那么可以加一個讓步段或者對比段;

  如果一道題直接用常用理由去支持很難,可以試著拆分法;

  如果完全同意/不同意很難,可以試著兩邊倒;

  如果題目中有絕對詞,可以部分同意/不同意。

  ... ...

  實(shí)用方法在題目中的具體運(yùn)用

  使用第一部分的9月機(jī)經(jīng)部分題目

  1.Some students prefer to havetheir final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas othersprefer to have their grades determined by only a few large ones. Which do youprefer and why?

  觀點(diǎn):small assignments

  論點(diǎn)1:輕松

  論點(diǎn)2:知識(學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí);老師備課)

  論點(diǎn)3:對比段/讓步段

  2.An effectiveleader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.

  觀點(diǎn):agree

  論點(diǎn)1:來自領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的尊重要員工更快樂積極

  論點(diǎn)2:員工的參與促進(jìn)想法的完善

  論點(diǎn)3:對比段

  3.If a city has an amount ofmoney, which option listed in the following do you prefer?

  1)Build a publicgarden to provide quiet environment to benefit all

  2)Build asports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.

  版本A:

  觀點(diǎn):選1)

  論點(diǎn)1:relaxing

  論點(diǎn)2:used byeveryone

  論點(diǎn)3:讓步段(承認(rèn)2的好處指出顯著缺點(diǎn)即優(yōu)惠了一小部分人不公平)

  版本B:

  觀點(diǎn):選2)

  論點(diǎn)1:healthy

  論點(diǎn)2:mentality

  論點(diǎn)3:補(bǔ)充建議(允許周末開放給市民)

  4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle andhealthy eating.

  觀點(diǎn):Disagree

  論點(diǎn)1: knowledge 宣傳健康飲食的知識( 課程廣告 )

  論點(diǎn)2: pressure 減少學(xué)習(xí)和工作壓力

  論點(diǎn)3: money 建設(shè)更多更便宜的運(yùn)動場所減輕人們的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)

  注:這道題,用個人類的常用理由就可以解決,那么久不用多角度思考了~

  5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they aretoday.

  觀點(diǎn):Disagree

  論點(diǎn)1:經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步大家有時間和精力改善社區(qū)

  論點(diǎn)2:溝通方便更好的解決社區(qū)問題

  論點(diǎn)3:普遍受過教育有能力解決問題

  注:三個古今類的常用理由,現(xiàn)代社會的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

  6.In the past, young people depended ontheir parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to makedecisions on their own.

  觀點(diǎn):Agree

  論點(diǎn)1:Internet –豐富信息

  論點(diǎn)2:Education – 培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立

  論點(diǎn)3:對比段

  7.It is betterto relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.

  版本A:

  觀點(diǎn):Physical exercise

  論點(diǎn)1:health

  論點(diǎn)2:cooperation

  論點(diǎn)3:make friends

  論點(diǎn)4:release pressure

  論點(diǎn)5:讓步段/對比段

  注:有些題目,可以相處很多個有效論點(diǎn),那就選擇自己覺得好寫的展開~

  版本B:

  觀點(diǎn):TV book

  論點(diǎn)1:convenience;

  論點(diǎn)2:knowledge and inspiration

  論點(diǎn)3:讓步段/對比段

  8.We should state our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.

  觀點(diǎn):agree

  論點(diǎn)1:家庭

  論點(diǎn)2:朋友

  論點(diǎn)3:學(xué)習(xí)/工作

  注:用拆分法解這道題,即把說實(shí)話放在生活中的三大場景下,便于進(jìn)行具體論證

  9.In order to succeed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment is more important than excellent knowledge.

  版本A:

  觀點(diǎn):Both important

  論點(diǎn)1:知識– 獨(dú)立解決問題&自信

  論點(diǎn)2:適應(yīng)能力–效率&輕松

  注:兩邊倒的題目,兩個支持對象的各寫一段,每一段設(shè)立有1-2個小論點(diǎn),這樣不用擔(dān)心字?jǐn)?shù)~

  版本B:

  觀點(diǎn):Agree

  論點(diǎn)1:get along with different people

  論點(diǎn)2:learn new knowledge

  論點(diǎn)3:adjust mentality

  注:對適應(yīng)能力進(jìn)行拆分,解讀成和不同的人相處的能力、學(xué)習(xí)新知識的能力、調(diào)整心態(tài)的能力,這些都比固有的接觸知識更重要,因?yàn)椋澜缫恢痹谧儼

  10.People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.

  觀點(diǎn):Disagree

  論點(diǎn)1:Relaxing

  論點(diǎn)2:Improve friendship

  論點(diǎn)3: Learning

  11.There is no reason to be rude to another person.

  版本1:Agree 常用理由 -mood - efficiency - opportunity

  版本2:Agree 拆分法- 家庭禮貌- 工作禮貌 - 社交禮貌

  12.Technology designed to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life more complicated.

  agree

  1) car –traffic jam; air pollution

  2) internet – too much information to handle; false and misleading

  3) digital devices – distraction (music; games; chat; online shopping)

  注:把technology 拆分成三個主要方面,汽車、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電子設(shè)備

  13.Movies and TV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to movies and programs made in other countries.

  觀點(diǎn):both interesting

  Own country:1 共鳴理解2 喜歡的演員

  Foreign country:1拓展視野2精彩的畫面

  14.It is as important for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.

  Agree

  版本1:拆分法(對學(xué)習(xí)新知識詮釋)

  1 學(xué)習(xí)健康知識

  2 培養(yǎng)愛好

  3 學(xué)習(xí)使用電腦上網(wǎng)

  版本2:常用理由

  1 mental health

  2 improve convenience

  3 communication with young people

  15.To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achieve success.

  Agree

  1)mental health

  2)stimulate improvement

  3 )讓步段(承認(rèn)成功是可喜的但是生活的常態(tài)就是一直失敗、努力、克服苦難、獲得成功,也就是說,成功是個結(jié)果,那么占據(jù)生活主要的是那個過程,所以為了健康以及持久的成功,樂觀積極更重要)

  16.It is important to know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal life.

  Agree

  版本1:常用理由

  1)relaxing

  2)knowledge

  3)communication

  版本2:拆分法

  1)medical news – health

  2)political news – safety

  3)economic news – money
 


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