托福寫作備考高分技巧揭秘（一）

作為一種語言測試方式， 托?？荚嚨闹攸c是檢測考生的英語語言水平，如何寫出正確流暢的語言是得到托福寫作單項高分的必備條件。那么如何才能得到閱讀高分呢?下面給大家揭秘托福獨立寫作的高分技巧。

在TOEFL iBT Official Guide(托福官方指南，以下簡稱OG)中明確指出托福獨立寫作有三大考查維度：Development(展開論點)，Organization(組織文章結(jié)構(gòu))和Language Use(語言運用)。因此，除了注意作文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)外，閱卷老師同樣十分注重我們在作文中表現(xiàn)出來的語言基本功。

托福獨立寫作部分對于我們寫作的總體要求是consistent facility in the use of language(語言運用的和諧流暢)，給我們的具體建議是a variety of sentence structures(句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣)和word choice should be appropriate(措辭貼切得體)，評分者的審查角度是lexical or grammar errors(詞匯和語法錯誤)以及the complexity of sentence structures(句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度)和the quality and complexity of your vocabulary(考生所使用的詞匯的質(zhì)量和復(fù)雜程度)。接下來李盛老師分別先從語法錯誤、措辭和句子結(jié)構(gòu)三個方面來探討備考過程中應(yīng)該注意的事項：

首先是lexical or grammar errors：

任何一種語言考試都強調(diào)語言表達的準確性，在2010年1月之后，ETS在獨立寫作部分中加入了e-rater的評分模式。電腦系統(tǒng)評分無疑對考生的語法詞匯表達的正確性提出了更高的要求。在2009年1月份ETS發(fā)布的Evaluating the Construct -Coverage of the e-rater? Scoring Engine中，明確指出e-Rater會關(guān)注的四大語言層面：Grammar(Proofread this, Ill-formed Verbs, Pronoun Errors, Possessive Errors, Wrong or Missing Words, Sentence Structure包括：Fragments, Run-ons, Garbled Sentences, Subject-verb agreement), Usage(Article Errors, Confused Words, Incorrect Word Forms, Faulty Comparisons, Nonstandard verbs or word forms), Mechanics(Spelling, Capitalization包括Proper Nouns和Sentence-Initial, Punctuation包括Missing Question Marks, Missing Final Punctuation, Missing Comma or Apostrophe和Hyphen Error, Fused Words, Compound Words, Duplicated Words)和Style(Repetition of Words, Inappropriate Words or Phrases, Too Many Sentences Beginning with Conjunction, Too Many Short Sentences, Too Many Long Sentences, Passive Voice)，換句話說，我們要在獨立寫作中避免出現(xiàn)以上的常見的語言表達錯誤，這就需要同學(xué)們在平時練習中注意語法的積累。在這里簡單列舉同學(xué)們在寫作句子層面上經(jīng)常犯的錯誤：

(1)粘連句(Run-ons sentence)

Run-ons sentence指一句話中包含兩個或更多的意思，但這些意思之間沒有用恰當?shù)臉它c符號或缺乏連接詞等分隔開，這往往由于寫作者不熟悉英語語法表達導(dǎo)致。如：

Students deserve more respect they are young adults.

I met an old man was standing by the street.

正確的表達可以是：

Students deserve more respect when/although they are young adults.

I met an old man who was standing by the street.

(2)逗號連接句(Comma splice)

Comma splice指用逗號連接兩個分句。在英語中，逗號只能表示語氣上的短暫停頓，不能表示兩個分句間的邏輯關(guān)系，如果一句話中有幾個分句，就常常使用連接詞。如：

We are out of money, we decide not to eat out on the weekend.

正確的表達可以是：

We are out of money, so we decide not to eat out on the weekend.

(3)不完整句(Sentence fragment)

Sentence fragment指那些看似一句話，但實際上只是一個句子的一部分結(jié)構(gòu)，往往缺少主語、謂語等基本結(jié)構(gòu)，或是只有從句沒有主句。如：

Driving in the city during the evening rush hour.

Many people do not like living in big cities. Because the life is too busy there.

正確的表達可以是：

Driving in the city during the evening rush hour is dangerous.

Many people do not like living in big cities, because the life is too busy there.

(4)修飾語位置錯誤(Misplaced modifier)

Misplaced modifier指的是被放錯了位置的修飾語，這種句子不僅會拗口，而且可能引起歧義。如：

At the age of five, my father started to teach me piano.

He wants to quickly and easily finish the job.

正確的表達可以是：

My father started to teach me piano when I was five.

He wants to finish the job quickly and easily.

(5)并列結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤(Faulty parallelism)

Faulty parallelism指的是在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中所使用的語法結(jié)構(gòu)不一致。如：

People should be judged not only by their words, but also by what they do.

正確的表達可以是：

People should be judged not only by their words, but also by their deeds.

(6)主從句錯誤(Faulty subordination)

Faulty subordination 指的是本該放在主句中的內(nèi)容放到了從句中，從而使本該收到強調(diào)的內(nèi)容并沒有受到強調(diào)。這種錯誤對表達的準確性上有很大的影響，但很多學(xué)生并沒有意識到這個問題，這在thesis statement和主題句中尤為重要。如，在討論面試的問題時，如果我們把thesis statement寫成Interview, which can benefit the modern society a lot, is becoming increasingly popular，很明顯就沒有強調(diào)應(yīng)該強調(diào)的內(nèi)容。這句話應(yīng)該寫成：Interview, which is becoming increasingly popular, can benefit the modern society a lot.