賓語從句長難句分類解析

賓語從句長難句分類解析

1. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　有些哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為：權(quán)利只存在于社會契約中，是責(zé)任與權(quán)利交換雙方中的一方。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Some philosophers argue ( that rights exist only within a social contract , as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements ). Some philosophers是主語，argue是謂語動詞，that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句作賓語（即賓語從句）；在that賓語從句中，主語是rights，謂語是exist，介詞短語only within...和as part of...分別是動詞exist的范圍狀語和方式狀語。

【詞匯精記】 　philosopher 哲學(xué)家；argue 主張，認(rèn)為（在閱讀中不要總機(jī)械地理解為“爭執(zhí)／爭議”）；contract 合同，契約；exchange 交換；entitlements 利益，權(quán)利（entitle 授權(quán)）。

2. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　“麻醉品濫用”一詞常用來代替“毒品濫用”，這是為了說明：像煙、酒這類物質(zhì)如果濫用的話，也會與海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The phrase "substance abuse " is often used (instead of "drug abuse") (to make clear that substances (such as alcohol and tobacco) can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine ).此句中，主語是The phrase，之后的“substance abuse”是其同位語，謂語是is used，后面接有instead of...和to make clear...兩個狀語，其中的不定式目的狀語to make clear后又承接了一個that引導(dǎo)的名詞從句，作make clear的賓語（即賓語從句）；在此賓語從句里，括號部分such as...又作substances的后置定語，故賓語從句的主干可簡寫作：that substances...can be as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine。此外，此句亦應(yīng)關(guān)注as...as比較結(jié)構(gòu)的使用，第二個as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句，為避免重復(fù)，heroin and cocaine后省略了can be misused，理解時須加以留意。

【詞匯精記】 　substance 物質(zhì)，特殊類的物質(zhì)；abuse（ab-偏離＋use使用）濫用，虐待；drug 藥品，毒品，麻醉藥；alcohol 酒精；tobacco 煙草；misuse（mis-錯誤＋use使用）錯用，濫用；heroin 海洛因；cocaine 可卡因；make clear 弄清楚，確保。

3. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________________

【參考譯文】 　必須認(rèn)識到，這些建立在相同前提基礎(chǔ)上的信仰風(fēng)俗（比方說超自然的東西），必須放在一起加以考慮。我們自己的風(fēng)俗和其他民族的風(fēng)俗都在其中。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　It was necessary to recognize// that these institutions (which are based on the same premises), (let us say the supernatural), must be considered together, our own among the rest.第一段是句子的主干，其中it是形式主語，真正的主語是不定式to recognize...；而第二段中that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句是動詞recognize的賓語（即賓語從句），在此從句里，these institutions是主語，must be considered together是謂語部分，our own among the rest是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作伴隨狀語，第一個括號中的which部分是定語從句修飾前面的institutions，第二個括號里的內(nèi)容是插入語。

【詞匯精記】 　recognize 認(rèn)出，承認(rèn)；institution 機(jī)構(gòu)，信仰，制度；be based on 基于，建立在……的基礎(chǔ)上；premise 前提；let us say 比如說；supernatural 超自然的；the rest 剩余的（人或物）。

4. The young couple was worried because neither of them was aware of where they had lost the necklace.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　這對年輕夫婦很焦慮，因為他們兩個都不知道把項鏈丟在哪了。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The young couple was worried//because neither of them was aware of where they had lost the necklace .此句主干是第一段的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，第二段是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，在此從句中：neither of them是從句的主語，was aware of是謂語部分，畫線部分是where引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作介詞of的賓語（即賓語從句）。

【詞匯精記】 　couple 夫婦；be aware of 意識到，知道；necklace 項鏈。

5. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was nothing but a puma, but where had it come from?

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　專家們現(xiàn)在完全相信那只動物就是美洲獅，但它究竟是從哪兒來的呢？

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was nothing but a puma ,//but where had it come from?此句是but連接兩個分句組成的并列句；第一個分句中：主語是The experts，謂語是were，表語是convinced，后面畫線的that從句是名詞性從句作形容詞convinced的賓語，即形容詞convinced的賓語從句。類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有：be sure that.../be afraid that.../be confident that...等。

【詞匯精記】 　be fully convinced that... 完全相信；nothing but 只是，就是；puma 美洲獅。

6. More generally, the escape clauses could undermine the reforms by encouraging the suspicion that the new package will not deliver the changes that its supporters claim, but close analysis of what is inevitably a very complicated package might confirm the skeptics' fears.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　更廣泛來講，例外條款會激起人們的懷疑，使他們認(rèn)為新計劃不會帶來其支持者所宣稱的改變。由此，例外條款會給改革帶來破壞。但是，對于一項不可避免而又相當(dāng)復(fù)雜計劃的仔細(xì)分析或許會證實(shí)懷疑者的疑慮。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　More generally, the escape clauses could undermine the reforms (by encouraging the suspicion) (that the new package will not deliver the changes) (that its supporters claim),//but close analysis (of what is inevitably a very complicated package) might confirm the skeptics' fears .整體來講，此句是由并列連詞but連接的一個并列句；前面的分句較復(fù)雜：主語是the escape clauses，謂語是could undermine，賓語是the reforms，括號中by encouraging...是方式狀語修飾動詞undermine，表示其方式；在此狀語中，suspicion后的that引導(dǎo)同位語從句對suspicion的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋，而在此同位語從句里，changes后的that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞changes；在第二段的并列分句中，主語是analysis，謂語是might confirm，賓語是fears，但此處的括號內(nèi)容應(yīng)給予關(guān)注，其本質(zhì)上是介詞of＋what名詞從句構(gòu)成的一個特殊的介詞短語，作analysis的后置定語，所以此處的what從句在本質(zhì)上是介詞of的賓語從句。

【詞匯精記】 　generally 一般地，廣泛地，普遍地；escape 逃跑，（指合同條款時）例外；clause （合同等的）條款；undermine 暗中破壞；suspicion 懷疑；package 包裹，一攬子交易；deliver 遞送，發(fā)表（演說等）；claim 聲稱；close（此處意為）仔細(xì)的；inevitably 不可避免地；complicated 復(fù)雜的；confirm 證實(shí)，批準(zhǔn)；skeptic 懷疑者，持懷疑態(tài)度的人。

7. A leader should show that he or she values the input of subordinates—for example, by involving them in decisions about matters in which they have a direct stake.

【翻譯演練】 　______________________________

【參考譯文】 　一個領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者應(yīng)該表現(xiàn)出他或她對下屬參與的重視——例如，可以邀請他們參與對那些和他們有直接利害關(guān)系事務(wù)的決定。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　A leader should show ( that he or she values the input of subordinates)—for example, by involving them in decisions (about matters) (in which they have a direct stake).此句的主語是leader，謂語是should show，括號中的that部分是show的賓語從句；for example是插入語，其后的by＋doing結(jié)構(gòu)是謂語動詞show的方式狀語，在此部分中about matters是decisions的后置定語，而in which they have a direct stake則是matters的定語從句。

【詞匯精記】 　value 珍惜，珍視；input 輸入，投入，此處引申為“參與”；subordinate 下屬，下級；involve(in) 使卷入，此處引申為“使參與”；stake 賭金，此處引申為“利害關(guān)系”。