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Understanding Abu Ghraib

阿布格萊布監(jiān)獄始建于上個(gè)世紀(jì)70年代，在薩達(dá)姆時(shí)期是用來(lái)關(guān)押伊拉克平民的監(jiān)獄，薩達(dá)姆政府曾在此關(guān)押過(guò)因涉嫌與1982年杜賈爾村針對(duì)薩達(dá)姆的未遂暗殺案有關(guān)的平民，當(dāng)年薩達(dá)姆政府在這所監(jiān)獄內(nèi)肆意折磨和殺害無(wú)辜平民，這里在薩達(dá)姆統(tǒng)治時(shí)期曾是“死亡與摧殘”的象征。美軍入侵和占領(lǐng)伊拉克后，在此大量關(guān)押、審訊和虐待囚犯，阿布格萊布監(jiān)獄在2006年7月份關(guān)閉，所有犯人都將轉(zhuǎn)移到巴格達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)內(nèi)的新監(jiān)獄里，為建設(shè)這所新監(jiān)獄美國(guó)政府共花費(fèi)了5500萬(wàn)美元，監(jiān)獄內(nèi)配備一切必要設(shè)備，關(guān)押條件符合國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，警衛(wèi)工作由美軍負(fù)責(zé)。2004年4月，美國(guó)CBS電視臺(tái)公布了美軍虐囚的首批照片后，爆發(fā)了舉世震驚的美軍虐囚丑聞，布什總統(tǒng)被迫為美國(guó)軍人的非法野蠻行為向伊拉克人民公開(kāi)道歉。2004年5月開(kāi)始審判第一名被控犯下虐囚罪行的美軍士兵?，F(xiàn)在，已有11名美軍官兵因虐囚案受到各種程度的處罰，最嚴(yán)厲的處罰是美軍士兵格拉納被判處10年監(jiān)禁。

Understanding Abu Ghraib" on this Moment of Science.

In May, 2004 the world was shocked by the abuse of Iraqi detainees at the Abu Ghraib prison(阿布格萊布監(jiān)獄), near Baghdad. Lurid photographs and reports caused us to wonder how otherwise (1)law-abiding, (2)well-trained soldiers could commit such abuses.

The question is not new. An experiment conducted by psychologist Phil Zimbardo at Stanford University in the early 1970s explored the behavior of psychologically healthy people in a simulated prison environment.

Volunteer participants were randomly divided into prisoners and guards. The prisoners were held in a makeshift prison and guards were told to maintain order as they (3)saw fit. It took only one day for the guards to begin abusing their authority. After a brief rebellion, the prisoners were punished by being forced to do (4)push ups and other physically demanding exercise. The guards also sprayed the prisoners with a fire extinguisher and threatened sexual abuse. The situation got so (5)out of hand that after only six days the two-week long experiment was aborted.

Based on the experiment and others like it, Zimbardo and other psychologists concluded that in the right context anyone can do things that they would otherwise consider barbaric. During the Holocaust, for example, Nazi doctors who were known to be good husbands and fathers thought nothing of torturing and killing concentration camp(集中營(yíng)) prisoners. But as Zimbardo showed, the capacity for brutal behavior is not limited to Nazis or other criminals.

So while the incidents at Abu Ghraib are certainly disturbing, they are not unprecedented. If the Stanford experiment and others like it are any indication, what happened at Abu Ghraib was not abnormal. Unfortunately, it was an example of human nature at its very worst.

Notes:

(1)law-abiding ['l?:?,baidi?] adj.守法的

Most guns are owned by law-abiding citizens and are used carefully.

擁有槍支的人大多是守法公民，而且使用非常謹(jǐn)慎。

(2)well-trained ['wel'treind] adj.訓(xùn)練有素的;良好訓(xùn)練

The university boasts a team of well-trained teachers.

這所大學(xué)擁有一支訓(xùn)練有素的教師隊(duì)伍。

(3)see fit 認(rèn)為(做某事)是恰當(dāng)?shù)?決定(做某事，尤指蠢事)

Use it as you see fit.

看著合適你就用吧。

(4)push ups n.俯臥撐(等于pushups)

Examples include squats, lunges, and push ups.