The Ancestry Of Snakes
古生物學界的一部分學者認為,蛇是由陸地蜥蜴的一個分支進化而來的,在進化的過程中,它們的腳逐漸退化消失了,而身子則變得越來越細長。另一種流行觀點則認為蛇的前身是海蜥蜴,后來海蜥蜴的一支開始在陸地上生活,進化成了今天蛇。這種蛇是由海蜥蜴進化而來的觀點在上個世紀已經(jīng)很盛行了但真正獲得能說明問題的證據(jù)還是在1997年,古生物學家對在色列出土的大約9千萬年前的化石進行了分析,最終認定這些化屬于蛇的遠祖。據(jù)科學家介紹,這塊名為“帕奇瑞斯”的化石擁幾處與蛇相同的特征:比如細長的身體和獨特的頭骨等。蛇和蜥蜴的親緣關系最為密切,它們是近親,蛇是從蜥蜴變來的。在蜥蜴的原始種類里面,有一部分在漫長的進化過程中,適應了新的環(huán)境,四肢逐漸退化,形成了一些新的特征,變成了蛇;另有一部分雖然四肢沒有了,但由于沒有具備蛇的特點,到現(xiàn)在仍然是蜥蜴。例如貴州產的脆蛇蜥和細蛇蜥,就是這一類沒有足的蜥蜴。所以,蛇是爬行動物中最年輕的一個分支,也是最后登上生命舞臺的適應性很強的爬行動物。
Where did snakes lose their limbs? Find out on this Moment of Science.
Scientists have been debating this question for a long time. Some believed that snakes evolved on land, and that their ancestors were small, burrowing lizards. And others believed that snakes evolved from the mosasaurs, giant swimming lizards that lived 144 to 65 million years ago.
Except it’s difficult to analyze the genes of the extinct mosasaurs. So instead, scientists at Penn State analyzed the genes of their closest living relatives, the monitor lizards. In fact, these scientists examined genetic material representing all nineteen living lizard families, and seventeen of the twenty-five families of living snakes.
They analyzed the differences in genetic structure that inevitably result from the slight mutations that develop over time. This enabled them to map a genetic family tree. They discovered that snakes aren’t closely related to monitor lizards. Now, because the mosasaurs– the monitor lizards’ ancestors–were the only marine lizards around when snakes evolved, snakes must have evolved from lizards living on land.
There’s a strong correlation between the burrowing lifestyle and very small limbs or the complete loss of limbs. Some burrowing lizards have reduced limbs and some have lost one or both pairs. After all, you could fit into much smaller openings if you didn’t need a pelvis or shoulders to support your limbs.
譯文:
蛇的祖先
科學家們圍繞這個問題已經(jīng)爭論了很長的時間。一些科學家認為蛇從陸地上進化而來,它們的祖先是小的,穴居的蜥蜴。另一些科學家認為蛇由滄龍進化而來,滄龍是生活在一億四千四百萬年前至六千五百萬年前的一種巨型水生蜥蜴。
分析已經(jīng)滅絕的滄龍的基因是非常困難的。所以賓夕法尼亞州立大學的科學家們分析了它們現(xiàn)存的最近親屬巨蜥的基因。實際上,這些科學家們檢查了代表所有19種現(xiàn)存蜥蜴家族以及蛇的25種現(xiàn)存家族中的17種基因材料。
他們分析了隨著時間的推移,遺傳結構中不可避免的微小變化所帶來的差異。這讓他們能夠繪畫出一個基因家譜圖。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么呢?他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了蛇與巨蜥并沒有密切的關系?,F(xiàn)在,因為滄龍-巨蜥的祖先-是蛇進化時周圍唯一的海洋蜥蜴,所以蛇應該是從在陸地上生活的蜥蜴進化而來。
從穴居生活到非常小的四肢,再到完全喪失四肢,這之間的關聯(lián)非常強。一些穴居蜥蜴的四肢減少,一些已經(jīng)失去了一個或者所有的四肢。畢竟,你需要適應更小的通道,如果你不需要骨盆或肩膀來支撐你的肢體。
Notes:
fit into vt. 適合,適應;符合
If I gain any more weight,I shan't be able to fit into my clothes.
假如我的體重還要增加,我就穿不進我的衣服了。