1個main verb原則
理論上講:一個句子只應(yīng)該有一個為主的動詞(即2)。
但是,實際運用的過程中,我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個句子中有多個動詞,此時就需要:
標(biāo)記清楚這些動詞彼此間的邏輯關(guān)系!
這里的邏輯關(guān)系有兩種情況:
1.并列(即:將這些動詞視為地位相同;一般方式為使用and連接)
2.從屬(即:犧牲某個或某些動詞,將其處理成符合從屬關(guān)系的方式,從而確保為主的動詞只有一個;一般方式為使用動詞三大非謂語形式:動詞的ing形式、動詞的過去分詞形式、動詞的不定式形式) 并列關(guān)系示例
示例1:I sat down beside her said nothing.
分析:sat與said之間沒有標(biāo)記邏輯關(guān)系,錯誤!可以添加and,形成并列關(guān)系,即:
I sat down beside her and said nothing.
示例2:I entered the room saw mother sit there wait for me come back.
分析:這里有5個動詞,都沒有標(biāo)記邏輯關(guān)系,錯誤!通過分析,我們看到:entered和saw可以并列,因為它們擁有共同的1,即:I;sit和wait可以并列,因為它們擁有共同的1,即:mother,但這兩組動詞之間就不能再并列了,因為無法這么做。這就意味著:這句話里的動詞有的可以并列,而有的不可以。
示例3:I opened the bag took out some paper and a pen, sat down started take notes.
分析:opened,took out,sat down,started這四個動詞擁有共同的1,即:I,而且都是這個1直接行使或發(fā)出的動作,所以,可以采取并列關(guān)系;但take因為有個過渡層,而且在時態(tài)上也與其它動詞處于不平衡狀態(tài),因此并列處理不合適。 從屬關(guān)系示例
示例1:I sat down beside her said nothing.
分析:動詞關(guān)系混亂,假如想確保sat,則需要犧牲后面的said,即:
I sat down beside her, saying nothing.
假如確保后面的said,則需犧牲前面的sat:
Sitting down beside her, I said nothing.
示例2:To quit smoking, I eat candies.
不定式常常用來表示目的。
Part IV:一個句子一個句號的原則
理論上講,一個句子一個句號,但是,實際運用中會有幾個甚至多個句子擺放在一起共享一個句號,此時應(yīng)該怎么辦呢?
答案很簡單:標(biāo)記清楚這些句子間的邏輯關(guān)系。有兩種: 并列關(guān)系示例
示例1:I sat down beside her. I said nothing.
變?yōu)椋篒 sat down beside her and I said nothing.
示例2:He asked me a question. I answered him.
變?yōu)椋篐e asked me a question and I answered him. 從屬關(guān)系
1)運用各類從句,形成主從符合句,主要包括:
狀語從句
賓語從句
定語從句
主語從句
同位語從句
2)運用非謂語動詞進行從屬方式的處理。此時,部分句子的主要動詞變成了動詞的非謂語形式,致使整體的復(fù)雜句式變成了簡單句式,主要手段就是按照規(guī)則進行了下列三種形態(tài)的變化:
動詞的ing形式
動詞的過去分詞形式
動詞不定式形式
從屬關(guān)系示例(以狀語從句為例)
示例1:When he asked me a question, I answered him.
示例2:I was so angry that I beat him up!
示例3:If you ask me ‘why’, I will answer ‘because’!
示例4:Since you are not feeling well, just lie down and take a good rest.
示例5:Although I have tried my best, I can’t win her heart.
示例6:Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.
示例7:I went out very early in the morning so that I could avoid the rush hour traffic.
非謂語動詞方式處理示例
示例1:I sat beside her. I felt very nervous.
可變?yōu)椋篠itting beside her, I felt very nervous.
或者:I sat beside her, feeling very nervous.
示例2:I want to quit smoking. I eat candies.
可變?yōu)椋篢o quit smoking, I eat candies.
示例3:A young man was tired of sleeping on the floor. He saved up for years to buy a real bed.
可以變?yōu)椋篢ired of sleeping on the floor, a young man saved up for years to buy a real bed.
示例4:Jimmy was dressed up as Father Christmas. He was accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls. He set off down the main street of the city. He rode a baby elephant. The elephant was called Jumbo.
可以變?yōu)椋篋ressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls, Jimmy set off down the main street of the city, riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.
定語從句方式處理
定語從句當(dāng)然是屬于“從屬”的行列,所以,是處理為從屬方式的手段之一,而且用途極大。請看下面的例子:
This is the only book.
I read the book during the holiday.
兩句的重合點在the book上面;將第二句中的the book抽出來,放到第一句book后面,其它內(nèi)容向后甩。這樣,我們就會看到the only book后面馬上又在重復(fù)the book。為了避免重復(fù),我們?nèi)サ魌he book,而換用另外一個詞去替換,這個詞就是定語從句中指物的which或that。因為這里的book有only在修飾,所以,最終我們選用that;又因為that在定語從句中作賓語,所以,可以省略。這樣,兩句就合并為:
This is the only book (that) I read during the holiday.
下面兩句的合并遵循同樣的原則:
She is the girl.
The girl’s father is my boss.
èShe is the girl the girl’s father is my bossè She is the girl who (’s) father is my boss.
èShe is the girl whose father is my boss.
我們預(yù)熱幾個組成復(fù)雜句的句型:
…, but… 結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個句子體現(xiàn)的是“轉(zhuǎn)折”關(guān)系)
…, for…結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個句子體現(xiàn)的是“果因”關(guān)系)
…, so…結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個句子體現(xiàn)的是“因果”關(guān)系)
…(,/;/.)however,…結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個句子體現(xiàn)的是更強烈的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系)
…(,/;/.) therefore,…結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個句子體現(xiàn)了更強烈的因果關(guān)系)
…(,/;/.)meanwhile,…結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個句子體現(xiàn)了時間上的同步關(guān)系)
備注:一般情況下,however,therefore,meanwhile,還有其它類似功能級別的詞在標(biāo)點符號方面有這樣的要求:(1)前面是句號,這些詞第一個字母需要大寫,然后跟逗號;(2)前面是分號;(3)前面句子用句號結(jié)束,然后將這些詞嵌入后面句子的1和2之間,前后皆為逗號。
示例1:She is rich and beautiful. However, I don’t like her.
示例2:She is rich and beautiful; however, I don’t like her.
示例3:She is rich and beautiful. I, however, don’t like her.
這些基本知識構(gòu)成了:1)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的順暢搭建;2)或由簡單句合并為復(fù)雜句;2)或由復(fù)雜句拆分為簡單句,或進行意思組合、或?qū)⒕涫綇?fù)雜化、或?qū)⒕涫胶唵位幕?,也是本書要貫徹始終的根本理念。