雅思寫作審題中遭遇頭疼的句子怎么辦?
首先我們來看一道包含條件從句的雅思寫作考題：
If a five-year old commits a crime, should his/her parents take the responsibility and how should the parents be punished?
我們從語法角度來看，這句句子中的條件狀語從句是If a five-year old commits a crime，主句是should his/her parents take the responsibility and how should the parents be punished。在if引導(dǎo)的條件從句中，主語是a five-year old，謂語是commits，賓語是a crime。至于主句，則是由and連接的并列句。
再細(xì)化下去，在and之前的一般疑問句中，主語是his/her parents，謂語是take，賓語是the responsibility，而在and之后的特殊疑問句中，主語是the parents，謂語是be punished。分析完語法結(jié)構(gòu)，考生就可以更加清晰理解題目的意思：如果一個(gè)五歲的小孩觸犯了法律，父母是否應(yīng)該承擔(dān)責(zé)任?父母應(yīng)該受到何種懲罰?
在充分理解考題的基礎(chǔ)上，我們可以在開頭段更好地改寫題目：I almost didn't believe it when I was told that one wouldn't be prosecuted if he or she broke the law thanks to the young age. It is a universal practice that the parents are severely punished for their underage children committing crimes.
按照這樣的思路，全文可以寫成四段論：第一段開門見山地給出觀點(diǎn)，即父母應(yīng)該為孩子的行為負(fù)責(zé);第二段列舉了父母應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)的各種理由，回答了第一個(gè)問題;第三段指出父母應(yīng)該接受的懲罰，回答第二個(gè)問題;第四段總結(jié)全文，簡(jiǎn)要概括理由和懲罰程度。
然后，讓我們來看另一道包含代詞指代的雅思寫作例題：
Many people think it is wrong to lock animals up in zoos because it is cruel and serves little purpose. Others think that the animals in zoos can bring happiness. What is your opinion?
我們從語法角度來看，在第一句句子中，主句是many people think…，賓語從句是it is wrong to lock animals up in zoos because the practice is cruel。在這句賓語從句中，主句是it is wrong to lock animals up in zoos，從句是because it is cruel and serves little purpose。
更加細(xì)化來看，在賓語從句的主句中，形式主語是it，真正主語是to lock animals up in zoos。而在賓語從句的從句中，主語是the practice，謂語是is，表語是cruel。
分析完第一句以后，我們?cè)賮砜吹诙渚渥?，主句是others think…，賓語從句是the animals in zoos can bring happiness to people。在它的賓語從句中，主語是the animals in zoos, 謂語是can bring，賓語是happiness。分析完語法結(jié)構(gòu)后，考生可以更加清晰題目的意義，有人認(rèn)為把動(dòng)物關(guān)在動(dòng)物園里太過殘忍，有人認(rèn)為動(dòng)物園可以帶來快樂。請(qǐng)給出你的看法。
在充分理解考題的基礎(chǔ)上，我們可以在開頭段更好地改寫這道題目：It is now hard to find a city without a zoo which is the place for you to have fun with your children on weekends. The animals seem to be a magnet to people of all ages, but I regard zoos as a form of imprisonment for our fellow creatures.
依照這樣的思路，文章可以寫成五段：第一段引入話題并給出觀點(diǎn)，即把動(dòng)物 關(guān)在動(dòng)物園里的確太過殘忍;第二、三、四段指出把動(dòng)物關(guān)在動(dòng)物園里的確太過殘忍的原因;第五段重申觀點(diǎn)，總結(jié)分論點(diǎn)。
最后，讓我們來看一道包含比較事物的雅思寫作例題：
Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health and social development as it is for physical conditions. What is your opinion?
我們從語法角度來看，題目的主句是participating in a sport is…，題目中的比較狀語從句是as it is for physical conditions。在它的主句中，主語是participating in a sport，謂語是is，表語是as important for psychological health and social development。而在這句長(zhǎng)難句中的比較狀語從句里，主語是it，謂語是is，表語是(important) for physical conditions。分析完語法結(jié)構(gòu)就可以更加清晰題目的意思：參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可以保持身體健康，體育運(yùn)動(dòng)在保持心理健康和社會(huì)發(fā)展方面發(fā)揮了同樣重要的作用。你是否同意這樣的看法?
在充分理解考題的基礎(chǔ)上，我們可以在開頭段更好地改寫題目：A stroll around any park will bring you face to face with people doing exercises in early mornings. The young as well as the old are becoming more health-conscious and are spending more time in gyms after work, for doing sports is certainly beneficial in many ways.
依照該思路，文章可以寫成五段：第一段引入話題并且給出觀點(diǎn)，即體育鍛煉益處頗多;第二、三、四段指出體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的各種好處;第五段重申作者的觀點(diǎn)。
對(duì)于本身語法就很薄弱的考生而言，如果上面的講解還是有些生澀，那么下面我們就為大家補(bǔ)充一些關(guān)于條件從句，人稱指代，比較事物這三個(gè)語法點(diǎn)的必備知識(shí)：
條件從句細(xì)分有零條件句、第一條件句、第二條件句、第三條件句。
l 零條件句可以表示某事是普遍的真理或事實(shí)：If you own a car, you also have to pay for insurance and registration every year. 也可以表示所談事情不再屬實(shí)，就用過去時(shí)：When I was a child, if I helped my mother, she gave me extra pocket money.
l 第一條件句可以表示某事在將來會(huì)有一種可能的結(jié)果：If you leave your money in the bank, you won’t earn any interest and it may lose value over time. 如果這種可能性不大，可以用might/could/may來替代will：If I invest it, I might/could/may lose it all. 但如果這種可能性會(huì)隨著時(shí)間變化，可以用can來替代will：If you travel at rush hour, the trains can be very crowded.
l 第二條件句可以表示現(xiàn)在或未來時(shí)間中想象的或者不太可能的情況：If I went travelling, I wouldn’t have any money left over.
l 第三條件句可以表示過去時(shí)間中想象的但是沒有發(fā)生的情況：If I’d bought a second-hand car, I wouldn’t have taken out this big bank loan. 如果過去時(shí)間中想象時(shí)已經(jīng)知道可能性很小，可以用might/could來替代would：If I’d saved more money, I might have gone on that college trip last week. 最后除了if以外，還有其他引出條件的其他詞語。用when/as soon as/as long as，要比if的可能性大：I will give you a lift into town when/as soon as/as long as I finish my work in time. 用provided/providing that，要比if更加口語化：You won’t lose any money provided that you think of it as a long-term investment. 而用In case，可以表示預(yù)防：You should keep this reference number in case there are any problems.
代詞指代部分考生需要了解一些基本知識(shí)還有一些特殊情況。
l 主語代詞用在動(dòng)詞前面：I you he she it we they;賓語代詞用在動(dòng)詞或介詞后面：me you him her it us them;物主代詞用在指代物主限定詞和名詞：mine yours his hers ours theirs;反身代詞用在主語和賓語一致或者強(qiáng)調(diào)主語和賓語：myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves。
l 了解完基本知識(shí)以后，考生還需要知道一些特殊情況。
首先，It可以作沒有實(shí)質(zhì)意義的主語用在句首，這些句子通常關(guān)于天氣時(shí)間和距離：It’s raining/five o’clock/10 km from the sea. It也可以作形式主語用在句首，指代動(dòng)詞不定式和ing形式：It won’t take long to settle in. 其次，you and we可以指代廣義上的每個(gè)人：In China you/we often eat sandwiches for lunch. 此外，they可以指代專家或權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)：They have changed the law recently. 最后，one/ones可以避免可數(shù)名詞重復(fù)使用：I do have rules. The most important one is that I want to everyone to feel at home.
考生就比較事物這個(gè)語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)需要了解一些常見的比較方式。
l 首先題目可以用as+形容詞/副詞+as表示相同或相似：Older athletes are as likely to achieve their peak fitness as younger athletes. 其次題目還可以用not as many/much +名詞表示差異：There aren’t as many people doing sports at school (as there used to be). 最后題目可以用倍數(shù)和副詞來特定化信息：China won nearly twice/three times as many silver medals as the US.
總而言之，考生在考場(chǎng)遇到這些令人頭疼的復(fù)雜句時(shí)，要沉著冷靜、認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地分析句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住句子主干和關(guān)鍵信息，從而更好地理解題目意義并有效改寫開頭段，隨后組織出全篇的思路。這些能力都需要考生注重平時(shí)積累，細(xì)致梳理每一個(gè)語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)，才能在考場(chǎng)上所向披靡無往而不勝。
