眾所周知,大作文的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)分為四大部分:
開頭:闡述題目背景 + 改寫題目中的不同觀點(diǎn) + 挑明個(gè)人傾向
支持的一方:主旨句 + 支持觀點(diǎn)(1,2,…)+ 論證(1,2,…)
反對(duì)的一方:主旨句 + 反對(duì)觀點(diǎn) + 論證 + 反駁反對(duì)方
結(jié)尾:總結(jié)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn) + 建議
在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,大部分的考生往往投入大量精力在支持方論點(diǎn)的闡述和論證展開中,而相對(duì)忽略了對(duì)于反對(duì)方的推敲。
筆者在批閱同學(xué)們的作文時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分考生的一大通病是在反對(duì)方的部分,不論是字?jǐn)?shù)還是結(jié)構(gòu)安排都不夠合理,不是缺論證就是缺反駁,導(dǎo)致反對(duì)方的字?jǐn)?shù)甚至不如開頭段多,這就等于已經(jīng)給自己大作文判了一個(gè)6分以下的成績(jī)。那么真正的高分作文的反對(duì)方結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)如何安排比重呢?下面新東方在線雅思教研中心老師帶你一起分析考官的范文來(lái)尋找答案。
題目:Nowadays, international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately, some people argue that international tourism creates problems rather than benefits. Do you agree or disagree?
這道題是要分析國(guó)際旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的好壞,因此考生可以從好的方面(如促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,文化交流)和壞的方面(如造成環(huán)境污染,打擾當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裆?等方面來(lái)展開論述。考官提供的范文在這道題目中更傾向于旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展是有利的,所以反對(duì)方就是承認(rèn)旅游業(yè)存在的問(wèn)題并給出反駁,寫法如下:
Tourism seems to have some disadvantages too。(主旨句:旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展也有一些問(wèn)題) Many people believe that tourism can destroy or spoil visited locations, such as pollution and littering。(反對(duì)方觀點(diǎn):造成環(huán)境污染和垃圾遍地) People can adhere to their own beliefs and way of life if they want to; no one can really forcefully manipulate someone to change from their morals and ethics(展開論證:人們有權(quán)利選擇自己的信仰和行為方式,沒(méi)有人可以改變別人的道德修養(yǎng)). However I believe the problems caused by tourism are not something that cannot be solved or prevented。(反駁反對(duì)方的這種觀點(diǎn):但是旅游業(yè)所造成的問(wèn)題是可以被解決和阻止的) Pollution can be avoided by increasing usage of environmentally friendly vehicles used for tours and rents, warnings and visual education on littering and smoking; specific times can be allocated for tours to certain areas, such as peak times, where local inhabitants feel uncomfortable due to too many foreigners。(反駁的論證:舉例如何治理環(huán)境污染和安排相應(yīng)的時(shí)間和場(chǎng)地專供旅游而避免打擾當(dāng)?shù)厝说纳畹?
由此可見,在反對(duì)方中,反駁的出現(xiàn)和論證基本占據(jù)了整個(gè)段落的半壁江山。這里,新東方在線雅思教研中心老師給廣大考生的一個(gè)提醒,即在大作文的寫作中千萬(wàn)不要忽略了反對(duì)方的寫作,特別要凸顯其中的反駁論證的地位。只有這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)安排和調(diào)整,才能使考生們?cè)诳荚囍幸慌e走出寫作的瓶頸,不僅突破6分指日可待,英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)也會(huì)事半功倍。