雅思寫(xiě)作中的銜接與連貫
連貫與銜接的主要實(shí)現(xiàn)方式
在找出這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案之前，我們先來(lái)讀一讀美國(guó)詩(shī)人蘭斯頓·休斯(Langston Hughes)那首著名的小詩(shī)Dreams的第一部分：
Dreams
By Langston Hughes
Hold fast to dreams
For if dreams die
Life is a broken-winged bird
That cannot fly.
Hold fast to dreams
For when dreams go
Life is a barren field
Frozen with snow.
這首小詩(shī)在美國(guó)流傳甚廣，深受普通人的喜愛(ài)。筆者的譯文如下：定要緊握夢(mèng)想∕因?yàn)?，如若?mèng)想消亡∕生命便是折翼的鳥(niǎo)兒∕無(wú)法飛翔。有讀者定在疑惑：講雅思寫(xiě)作的連貫與銜接，為何先讀了一首英文詩(shī)歌?那現(xiàn)在就請(qǐng)大家注意觀察詩(shī)中這幾個(gè)單詞：第二行里的for和if，以及第二行的dreams和第四行的 that。單詞for表示“因?yàn)?rdquo;，將第一行和后三行在邏輯上連接起來(lái);單詞if表示“如果”，將第二行和后兩行在邏輯上連接起來(lái)。實(shí)際上，它們所體現(xiàn)的正是實(shí)現(xiàn)連貫與銜接的一種重要手段：邏輯連接詞。那么dreams和that呢?第二行的dreams是對(duì)第一行dreams的重復(fù)，表示在內(nèi)容上兩行所講為同一事物，實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)義上的連貫;第四行的that作為關(guān)系代詞引出定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)第三行bird限定修飾，實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于兩個(gè)句子“…life is a broken-winged bird。”和“The bird cannot fly”。可見(jiàn)，dreams和that體現(xiàn)的是實(shí)現(xiàn)連貫與銜接的另一種重要手段：概念重復(fù)及指代。至此，相信讀者應(yīng)該明白為什么引用蘭斯頓·休斯的這首小詩(shī)了。所以，如果讀者熟記這四行文字，那不僅意味著背下了一闋優(yōu)美動(dòng)人的小詩(shī)，還意味著掌握了連貫和銜接的兩種實(shí)現(xiàn)方式，何樂(lè)而不為?
重要邏輯連接詞
那么剛才所講的邏輯連接詞是怎么體現(xiàn)在雅思作文中的呢?我們?cè)賮?lái)看雅思考官所寫(xiě)的范文(劍7 Test 3寫(xiě)作Tsk 2考官范文)：
Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.Firstly，a person needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work，so positive feedback from superiors is very important in this respect.A sense of fulfillment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a whole. Secondly， when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities， for example， then there is a sense of progression and purpose that rewards a worker. The sense of belonging to a team or a working community also contributes to job satisfaction because colleagues help each other to enjoy their working lives. Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for and loyalty to a team.
文中firstly，secondly，以及“The sense of belonging to a team or a working community also contributes to job satisfaction…”和“Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility…”中的also體現(xiàn)的是序列關(guān)系，引出了作者眼中影響job satisfaction的四個(gè)方面。此外，文中多次出現(xiàn)的so，because，if，for example等詞語(yǔ)也是邏輯連接詞，分別體現(xiàn)了因果、條件、例證等邏輯關(guān)系。為方便讀者學(xué)習(xí)，這里列舉若干重要邏輯關(guān)系連接詞：
名師談雅思寫(xiě)作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的連貫與銜接
我們?cè)賮?lái)看學(xué)生習(xí)作的例子。話題是面向孩子的廣告是否應(yīng)該被允許。所選段落修改自學(xué)生作文，主要增加了若干邏輯連接詞(以黃色標(biāo)記出來(lái)),使得整個(gè)段落的行文變得流暢了許多。來(lái)源：考試大
The first danger would be that it will pose a heavy financial burden on families with kids. This is because, young children can be easily attracted by advertisements, and then they would request or even force their parents to buy them what they see on advertising. Unfortunately, most families have only one child and parents always spoil their kids; for this reason, children's demands are normally fulfilled. In addition, prices of products advertised on TV commercials are frequently higher than those of other normal commodities, so that the financial burden will be much heavier.
代詞的正確使用
在“連貫與銜接”的第二種實(shí)現(xiàn)方式“概念重復(fù)及指代”中，最需要予以關(guān)注的是代詞的正確使用。因?yàn)?，由于受到母語(yǔ)負(fù)遷移的影響，中文代詞使用的不嚴(yán)格會(huì)誘使學(xué)生頻頻出錯(cuò)。集中學(xué)習(xí)并立即改正這些錯(cuò)誤對(duì)于很多考生而言迫在眉睫。
第一個(gè)最常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤是一個(gè)句子中代詞的頻繁轉(zhuǎn)換，即所謂pronoun shift。典型的例子是“When one searches on the Internet， you will potentially get onto illegal websites， which will cause negative consequences to us.”在這句話中one，you和us未能保持一致，讓考官不知所云。應(yīng)該修改為“When searching on the Internet， we may potentially get onto illegal websites， which will cause negative consequences to us.”
第二種常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤是代詞在“性”上未能與被指代對(duì)象保持一致，這在學(xué)生的口語(yǔ)中也是常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題。比如學(xué)生所寫(xiě)這句話“Studying in a co-educational school， a girl may concentrate more on popular boys， which may cause ignorance of his study.”顯然，his的出現(xiàn)與句子主語(yǔ)a girl是不相符合的，應(yīng)該改為her。
第三種錯(cuò)誤是代詞在“數(shù)”上未能與被指代對(duì)象保持一致。在“Girls are easy to be persuaded to buy cosmetics， because she always wants to be pretty.”中，主語(yǔ)是girls，為復(fù)數(shù)，但是原因狀語(yǔ)從句中的代詞卻是she。改正的方法便是將she改為they體現(xiàn)“數(shù)”的一致，同時(shí)將 wants改為want，實(shí)現(xiàn)從句內(nèi)部的主謂一致。最終結(jié)果為“Girls are easy to be persuaded to buy cosmetics， because they always want to be pretty.”。
第四種錯(cuò)誤是“格”出了問(wèn)題，最常見(jiàn)的情況是本該用形容詞性物主代詞(比如their)，結(jié)果誤用了代詞的主格或賓格(比如用成了they或者them)，或者在主格和賓格之間未能區(qū)分清楚(比如分不清they和them)。一個(gè)典型的例子是“Some graduates are proud of their diplomas; however， companies regard they as nothing.”。句中regard后面應(yīng)接賓語(yǔ)，所以they應(yīng)該改為them才對(duì)。
第五種錯(cuò)誤與反身代詞的使用有關(guān)。反身代詞表示“某人自己”，比如“Many children are addicted to computer games and they cannot control themselves at all.”教學(xué)中筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，學(xué)生清楚這種用法，但是不會(huì)表達(dá)“某人自己的”這個(gè)概念，總是說(shuō)“Teenagers cannot control themselves behaviours”。這句話中，themselves要改為their own才能體現(xiàn)出“某人自己的”這層意思。因此，考生在作文時(shí)要格外留意這個(gè)小點(diǎn)。
結(jié)語(yǔ)：
不同于漢語(yǔ)的“意合”，英文處處體現(xiàn)“形合”，即內(nèi)在連接往往體現(xiàn)在外在的連接手段上。所以，考生要牢固掌握最基本的“連貫與銜接”實(shí)現(xiàn)手段，讓自己的雅思作文在該評(píng)分項(xiàng)目上穩(wěn)獲高分。
