美國簽證收緊只會(huì)迫使雇主在海外招工
為了鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)雇傭更多美國勞動(dòng)者，特朗普總統(tǒng)一直在不斷收緊外籍技術(shù)勞工簽證，包括在六月暫停臨時(shí)工作簽證。
But a new study found that blocking out skilled labor actually encourages companies to move jobs abroad, where they can hire locally or more easily obtain a visa. That means more new jobs in countries like Canada, India, and China, not in the US, as president Donald Trump has claimed.
但是一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，把技術(shù)勞工擋在國門外事實(shí)上會(huì)鼓勵(lì)公司把職位遷至海外，在那里他們可以在當(dāng)?shù)卣泄せ蛘吒菀撰@得簽證。這意味著在加拿大、印度、中國等國家會(huì)產(chǎn)生更多新職位，而不像特朗普總統(tǒng)聲稱的那樣會(huì)給美國增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。
"It's not that a company really only has two options, which is either hire an immigrant in the US or hire an American in the US," said Britta Glennon, the National Bureau of Economic Research economist who wrote the study. "They actually have more options than that."
該研究報(bào)告的作者、美國國家經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家布麗塔·格倫農(nóng)說：“企業(yè)并不是只有兩種選擇，要么在美國雇傭移民，要么在美國雇傭美國人。實(shí)際上他們有更多選擇。”
Glennon looked at data from millions of H1-B applications and multinationals' employment in foreign countries over a 10-year period to track whether less access to visas changed hiring practices. She found that it did, whether it was because the US lowered its annual visa cap (as it did in 2004,) or because visas became harder to get after US Citizenship and Immigration Services implemented a lottery system to grant them.
格倫農(nóng)查看了十年間數(shù)百萬臨時(shí)工作簽證的申請(qǐng)資料和跨國企業(yè)海外雇傭情況的追蹤數(shù)據(jù)，以調(diào)查簽證收緊是否改變招聘模式。她發(fā)現(xiàn)簽證收緊確實(shí)改變了雇傭模式，無論是因?yàn)槊绹鴫旱秃炞C年度配額(2004年曾經(jīng)這么做過)，還是因?yàn)槊绹窦耙泼窬謱?shí)施了搖號(hào)系統(tǒng)后簽證變得更難獲取。
When she looked at the lottery's effects, for example, she found that for each visa application denied, companies created the equivalent of .3 jobs abroad, at least.
舉例來說，當(dāng)她查看搖號(hào)的影響后，她發(fā)現(xiàn)每拒絕一次簽證申請(qǐng)，企業(yè)在海外的職位就會(huì)增加至少0.3個(gè)。
Companies in the tech sector were more likely to hire a foreign worker at their offices outside the US. They were also more likely to place those workers in Canada, which has less restrictive visa policies than the US, as well as India and China, where many of the hires were from.
技術(shù)行業(yè)的企業(yè)更可能在美國境外的辦事處雇傭外國勞動(dòng)者。他們更可能將這些勞工安置在加拿大，因?yàn)榧幽么蟮暮炞C政策沒有美國的限制條件那么多，或者在印度和中國，因?yàn)樵S多勞工都來自這些國家。
When USCIS denied a visa to a prestigious MBA graduate from China or India, the company trying to hire them would often assign them to an auxiliary office in cities like Vancouver or Toronto.
當(dāng)美國移民局拒絕了來自中國或印度的名校工商管理碩士研究生的簽證后，試圖雇傭這些人的企業(yè)通常會(huì)將他們安置在溫哥華或多倫多等城市的下屬辦事處。
Some companies reacted by transferring entire teams or tasks abroad. "They would say, 'Yeah, we just decided to open up a foreign affiliate in India because we got so tired of this whole process'." she said.
一些公司的應(yīng)對(duì)之策是將整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)或任務(wù)遷至海外。她說：“他們會(huì)說，‘是的，我們剛決定在印度設(shè)立一個(gè)駐外辦事處，因?yàn)槲覀儫┩噶怂羞@些流程。’”
She also saw a shift towards job candidates with master's degrees to increase the chances of getting them a visa—there's an additional cap of 20,000 for H1-B visas for applicants with advanced degrees.
她還發(fā)現(xiàn)雇主們轉(zhuǎn)而招聘碩士學(xué)歷的求職者以增加獲得簽證的幾率，因?yàn)楦邔W(xué)歷者可以申請(qǐng)額外的2萬個(gè)臨時(shí)工作簽證配額。
Though Glennon's analysis focused on past changes to visa policies, her research suggests the same situation is true now that US government restrictions on foreign workers are even tighter.
盡管格倫農(nóng)的分析主要集中在過去的簽證政策變動(dòng)上面，但她的研究表明，如今美國政府對(duì)外籍勞工的簽證限制更加嚴(yán)格，同樣的情況還會(huì)發(fā)生。
By blocking immigration, the US misses out on other benefits, like new patents, additional foreign investment, and new jobs in highly-skilled fields, Glennon said. Research has also shown immigrants are much more likely to start new companies compared to Americans—nearly half of Fortune 500 firms were founded by an immigrant or a child of one—and are more often "job creators" than "job takers."
格倫農(nóng)稱，通過阻止外來移民，美國錯(cuò)失了其他福利，比如新專利、更多的外國投資和高技能領(lǐng)域的新職位。研究還顯示，相比美國人，移民在美國創(chuàng)業(yè)的可能性要大得多——財(cái)富500強(qiáng)的公司中近半是由移民或移民后代創(chuàng)辦的——移民往往更多的是“就業(yè)創(chuàng)造者”而不是“求職者”。
Glennon said a better policy to help Americans get jobs would be through additional investments in education. "Make sure that Americans have the right set of skills," she said. "It's a much more sensible way to go about this than trying to block skilled workers from other countries. The reason why they're getting hired is because companies can't find Americans to do those jobs."
格倫農(nóng)說，幫助美國人就業(yè)的更好政策應(yīng)該是對(duì)教育加大投入。她說：“確保美國人有充分的技能，這個(gè)方法相比阻止其他國家的技術(shù)勞工進(jìn)入要合理得多。外籍勞工被雇傭的原因是企業(yè)找不到能勝任這些工作的美國人。”
