中國控煙形勢依然嚴峻
上世紀90年代在中國四川一家國營賓館工作的吳珞榮(音)回憶起大堂、餐廳、走廊煙霧繚繞的情景。“就算我們不喜歡有人在辦公室里抽煙，也沒法說什么，”她說。
Now a hospital administrator, Wu, 49, says things have changed. “There is a smoking area for staff and patients’ families. Especially in the respiratory department, we tell smokers to go there,” she says.
49歲的吳珞榮如今是一家醫(yī)院的行政管理人員。她說，現(xiàn)在不一樣了，“醫(yī)院為工作人員、病人家屬專門設了吸煙區(qū)。尤其是在呼吸科，我們會告訴煙民去吸煙區(qū)。”
China is home to some 300m smokers, more than any other country; about half of men are regular smokers. However, there is a lack of national legislation to ban smoking in workplaces. The World Health Organization estimates that a complete nationwide ban on smoking in the country’s workplaces would reduce prevalence of smoking among Chinese men by 13m, averting 6m premature deaths.
中國約有3億煙民，比其他任何一個國家都多;約一半中國男性經常吸煙。然而，中國缺乏一項全國性立法來禁止在工作場所吸煙。世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)估計，若在全國范圍的工作場所全面實行禁煙，可讓中國男性煙民數量減少1300萬名，使600萬人避免過早死亡。
But Wu’s experience reflects a national trend: local campaigns are beginning to turn the tide against workplace smoking, experts say, even while enforcement remains uneven. The statistics are startling: more than 54 per cent of Chinese people who work indoors witnessed smoking in their workplaces in 2015, according to a government survey. But that number represents a fall from about 60 per cent in 2010.
但吳珞榮的經歷反映了一種全國性的趨勢：據專家稱，地方層面開展的行動開始掀起了反對在工作場所吸煙的熱潮，盡管各地執(zhí)法力度參差不齊。統(tǒng)計數據令人吃驚：一項政府調查顯示，2015年，中國逾54%在室內工作的人在自己的工作場所見過有人吸煙。但2010年這個比例約為60%。
Likewise, nearly 40 per cent of people surveyed in 2015 had witnessed smoking in government buildings, and more than 35 per cent had seen smoking inside hospitals. But that was an improvement on 2010, when the figures were 55 per cent and 37 per cent respectively.
同樣，在2015年，近40%的受訪者見過有人在政府大樓里吸煙，逾35%的受訪者在醫(yī)院內見過有人吸煙。但這比2010年的情況有所改善，那時這兩個比例分別為55%和37%。
Public health observers say that even though a national ban has been delayed — apparently because of the influence of the Chinese tobacco industry, a major source of government revenue — there has been a shift in attitudes, with greater opposition to smoking.
公共衛(wèi)生觀察人士表示，盡管全國性禁煙令被推遲出臺——顯然是受到了中國煙草業(yè)的影響，該行業(yè)是政府的一個主要稅收來源——但人們的態(tài)度已經發(fā)生了轉變，反對吸煙的人越來越多。
This has been driven by aggressive public health campaigns highlighting the risks of second-hand smoke, and by individual cities launching legislation aimed at reducing smoking indoors.
造成這種轉變的原因主要有兩點：一是有關方面大力發(fā)起了公共衛(wèi)生宣傳活動，強調吸二手煙的風險，二是個別城市頒布了旨在減少室內吸煙的條例。
In 2015, Beijing’s municipal authorities passed the toughest anti-smoking legislation in China’s history, making smoking in offices, restaurants, hotels and hospitals punishable with fines. Businesses that fail to rein in smoking on their premises can be fined up to Rmb10,000 ($1,530) and repeat offenders can have their licences revoked. Individual smokers can be penalised Rmb200. A hotline was set up for public complaints, and teams of inspectors were enlisted.
2015年，北京市通過了中國史上最嚴的控煙條例，規(guī)定在辦公室、餐館、酒店、醫(yī)院里吸煙將被處以罰款。對在自家營業(yè)場所控煙不力的企業(yè)最高可罰款1萬元人民幣(合1530美元)，累犯可吊銷營業(yè)執(zhí)照。對吸煙者本人可處罰款200元人民幣。此外還開通了一條公共投訴熱線，并組建了檢查員小組。
Many were sceptical about enforcement when the law came into effect, citing the difficulties of changing long-entrenched habits. But a year later, Bernhard Schwartländer, head of WHO China, said the enforcement had “exceeded expectations”. The city said it had collected more than Rmb1m in penalties.
當這部控煙條例正式實施時，許多人都對其執(zhí)行效果持懷疑態(tài)度，理由是長期根深蒂固的習慣很難改變。但一年后，WHO駐華代表施賀德(Bernhard Schwartländer)表示，該條例的執(zhí)行效果“超出了預期”。北京市稱已收繳100多萬元人民幣的罰款。
Groups of smoking workers are now a common sight huddled outside office buildings in Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai — the latter two cities having followed suit with similar laws in January and March this year.
在北京、深圳、上海的寫字樓外，白領煙民三三兩兩聚在一起吸煙如今已成為常見一景。今年1月和3月，深圳、上海效仿北京，各自出臺了類似的控煙條例。
“You can only smoke on the platform outside on the second floor or on the ground floor,” says Stella Sun, who works at a brokerage in the Shanghai World Financial Center, a 101-floor skyscraper in the city’s Pudong district. “There are smoke detectors everywhere in the building,” she adds.
“你只能在二層外面的露臺或一層吸煙，”Stella Sun說，她在上海浦東101層高的上海環(huán)球金融中心(Shanghai World Financial Center)內的一家券商工作。“大廈里到處都是煙感器，”她補充說。
Dressed in a sharply ironed white shirt and naval-style hat emblazoned with China’s national emblem, sanitation inspector Zhang Jun is one of the officials tasked with enforcing the rules in Shanghai. A black satchel holding a badge and a bundle of papers for handing out fines bounces around his waist.
身穿明顯熨燙過的白色襯衫、頭戴印有中國國徽的海軍風格的帽子，公共衛(wèi)生檢查員張軍(音)是上海市一名負責執(zhí)行控煙條例的政府工作人員。一個裝有一枚徽章和一摞罰款單的黑色挎包在他腰間晃動。
“Sanitation department, here for an inspection,” he says, flashing his badge at a receptionist in the lobby at a hospital. Zhang walks through the corridors, checking that no-smoking signs are properly displayed, sniffing the air for smoke and peering into bins for tell-tale cigarette butts.
“衛(wèi)生部門，來這里檢查，”他在醫(yī)院大廳接待處出示自己的徽章后說道。張軍巡視走廊，檢查禁煙標志是否正確張貼，聞一聞空氣中是否有煙味，看一看垃圾桶里有沒有煙頭。
“There were a lot of calls to the hotline at the beginning after the law went into effect,” Zhang explains. “But the number has decreased now,” he adds, attributing the drop to greater self-regulation. “Usually when a smoker sees us in our uniforms, they will put out their cigarette. In that case we will just give them a warning.”
“控煙條例剛實施的時候，很多人打熱線電話投訴，”張軍解釋說，“但現(xiàn)在熱線電話少了。”他將這歸因于人們更加自律了。“通常一名吸煙者看到我們穿著制服過來時，他們會掐滅自己的煙。這種情況下，我們只會給他們一個警告。”
But inspectors are overstretched, with just five to cover a population of tens of thousands, Zhang says, adding that they have additional duties, such as checking water quality in swimming pools.
但張軍表示，檢查員人手太少，根本忙不過來，五個檢查員要面對數萬煙民，而且他們還有其他職責，比如檢查游泳池水質。
“We haven’t given out many fines since March, to be honest, because often by the time we get to a place where there has been a complaint we are too late,” says Li Yuna, another inspector.
另一名檢查員李玉娜(音)說：“說實話，從3月以來，我們還沒有開出多少罰單，因為常常是等我們趕到有人投訴的地方，就已經太晚了。”
Enforcement is even less reliable in the 20 or so other cities that have introduced various laws against indoor smoking. Shenzhen, Beijing and Shanghai have very strong laws, but we don’t see that across the whole country — it really depends on the locality,” says Kelvin Khow Chuan Heng, of the WHO’s Tobacco Free Initiative, a global programme to reduce death and disease from smoking.
在其他大約20個實施了各種室內控煙條例的城市，就更難執(zhí)行到位了。“深圳、北京、上海有非常強有力的控煙條例，但全國范圍內還不行，各地方情況不一樣，”WHO無煙草行動(Tobacco Free Initiative)的Kelvin Khow Chuan Heng說。無煙草行動是一個全球性的項目，旨在減少吸煙引發(fā)的死亡和疾病。
“A lot of the problem with these laws is that they don’t have resources put into enforcement,” he says. “We still struggle with some venues, especially entertainment venues, karaoke bars — these are also workplaces. Those venues we definitely find much more problematic.”
“這些控煙條例的主要問題在于缺乏強制執(zhí)行的資源。”他表示，“我們仍然很難在一些場所開展執(zhí)法，尤其是娛樂場所、卡拉OK酒吧——這些也都是工作場所。在這些地方，我們肯定會發(fā)現(xiàn)更多問題。”
Even hospital worker Wu says that enforcement can be lax in the small city of Mianyang where she is employed. “Some doctors will smoke in non-smoking areas — like, offices — sometimes, but once the leaders come investigating, they will move to a smoking area,” she says.
甚至在醫(yī)院工作的吳珞榮都表示，在她工作的小城市綿陽，執(zhí)法是松懈的。她說：“有些醫(yī)生有時會在非吸煙區(qū)——比如辦公室——吸煙，但一有領導來視察，他們就會跑到吸煙區(qū)。”
State-owned tobacco companies remain an influential group, hindering efforts to introduce a national smoking ban. A draft law circulated last year was watered down, public health observers say, allowing for “smoking rooms” in offices.
國有煙草公司仍然很有影響力，阻礙著出臺全國性禁煙條例的努力。公共衛(wèi)生觀察人士表示，去年流傳的一部法律草案被“摻水”，允許在辦公樓里設置“吸煙室”。
Some initiatives by individual companies have helped. Internet giant Baidu committed to smoke-free office environments in 2011, thereby protecting the health of some 40,000 employees.
個別公司的一些舉措也有幫助?；ヂ?lián)網巨頭百度(Baidu)已在2011年承諾打造無煙辦公環(huán)境，從而保護其約4萬名員工的健康。
Chinese and US health authorities launched a joint initiative in 2012 to promote smoke-free workplaces in China. The programme to educate the public and promote cessation services at workplaces follows earlier efforts that have also targeted workplaces. “One thing is legislation and the other implementation. What an enterprise can contribute is vital,” said Wang Ke’an, head of the Research Center for Health Development, a think-tank and one of the Chinese groups involved.
2012年，中美兩國的衛(wèi)生部門聯(lián)合發(fā)起了一項倡議，在中國推廣無煙工作場所。這個旨在教育公眾、推動工作場所戒煙服務的計劃并非首開先河，之前就有過一些以工作場所為目標的舉措。“一方面是立法，另一方面是執(zhí)行。一家企業(yè)能做出什么貢獻至關重要，”參與該倡議的新探健康發(fā)展研究中心(ThinkTank Research Center for Health Development)的王克安主任說。
There is also space for bottom-up pressure from employees. Newspaper illustrator Zhao Liang says his attempts to give up smoking were hampered by colleagues who have turned parts of the workplace into a “smoking centre”. “If I quit smoking, I won’t be able to tolerate anyone smoking in my office ever again,” he adds.
來自員工自下而上的壓力也可以起到作用。報紙插畫家趙亮(音)表示，他想過戒煙，但受阻于周圍的同事們，他們把辦公場所的一些地方變成了“吸煙中心”。“如果我戒了，我就再也不能容忍任何人在我的辦公室抽煙了，”他說。
Additional reporting by Wang Xueqiao
Wang Xueqiao補充報道
