中國(guó)將縮減醫(yī)藥市場(chǎng)中間環(huán)節(jié)

A state initiative to reduce intermediaries in China’s pharmaceutical market is expected to more than halve the number of companies in the sector, but experts say the government will struggle to achieve its aim of cutting drug prices and tackling bribery in distribution chains.

中國(guó)政府一項(xiàng)縮減醫(yī)藥市場(chǎng)中間環(huán)節(jié)的計(jì)劃，有望使該領(lǐng)域的企業(yè)數(shù)量減少一半以上，但專家們表示，政府將很難實(shí)現(xiàn)其壓低藥價(jià)、清除分銷鏈條中賄賂行為的目標(biāo)。

The vast majority of China’s $110bn annual pharmaceutical sales are to state-run hospitals, which depend on drug and medical equipment sales for most of their revenue. Drug sales are conducted through a byzantine network of some 13,500 distributors, with kickbacks to doctors rife.

中國(guó)醫(yī)藥行業(yè)每年銷售1100億美元產(chǎn)品，其中絕大部分流向公立醫(yī)院，這些醫(yī)院的收入主要靠賣藥和賣醫(yī)療器材。藥品銷售通過(guò)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行，這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)由大約1.35萬(wàn)家分銷商組成，給醫(yī)生回扣的現(xiàn)象相當(dāng)普遍。

Regulations limiting the number of invoices between drugmakers and hospitals to a maximum of two will be rolled out nationwide by next year, the State Council said last month. The number of drug distributors is expected to plummet as a result.

中國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院上月表示，將不晚于明年在全國(guó)推開(kāi)“兩票制”(指藥品從生產(chǎn)企業(yè)到流通企業(yè)開(kāi)一次發(fā)票，流通企業(yè)到醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)一次發(fā)票)。預(yù)計(jì)這將導(dǎo)致藥品分銷商數(shù)量大幅減少。

“Reducing the number from more than 10,000 to 2,000-3,000, that is what I have heard from officials,” said Xie Qilin, deputy secretary-general of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association.

中國(guó)醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(Chinese Medical Doctor Association)副秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)謝啟麟表示：“把數(shù)量從1萬(wàn)多家減至2000到3000家，這是我從官員那里聽(tīng)到的。”

The “two invoice reform” as it is known is already being tested in 11 provinces, with Fujian in the east reporting a halving of distributors since its adoption in 2012. “The market is not concentrated enough,” Wu Zhen, vice-minister of China’s food and drug administration, said last year, explaining the rational for the policy.

名為“兩票制”的改革已在11個(gè)省份試行，福建省報(bào)告稱，自2012年執(zhí)行規(guī)定以來(lái)，藥品分銷商已減少了一半。中國(guó)國(guó)家食品藥品監(jiān)督管理總局副局長(zhǎng)吳湞去年在解釋出臺(tái)該政策的理由時(shí)表示：“(市場(chǎng))集中度不夠。”

“The agencies will have to enlarge or die,” said an employee at an overseas medical device manufacturer who asked not to be identified. The sector employs more than 3m people, many of whom will be forced to switch to larger companies or change professions, the Economic Observer newspaper reported.

某海外醫(yī)療器械制造商的一名要求不具名的員工表示：“代理商要么必須擴(kuò)張，要么就得關(guān)門(mén)。”《經(jīng)濟(jì)觀察報(bào)》(Economic Observer)報(bào)道稱，該行業(yè)員工數(shù)量超過(guò)300萬(wàn)，其中很多人將被迫轉(zhuǎn)投較大的公司或改行。

Eric Carlson, a partner at law firm Covington & Burlin, said in a recent report that the crackdown on small distributors would accelerate sector consolidation, “centralising distribution in a handful of pharmaceutical distributors, many of which are state-owned or state-controlled”.

科文頓•柏靈律師事務(wù)所(Covington & Burling)合伙人埃里克•卡爾森(Eric Carlson)在最近一份報(bào)告中表示，對(duì)小型分銷商的打壓將加快行業(yè)整合，“將分銷集中到少數(shù)藥品分銷商手中，其中很多是國(guó)有或國(guó)有控股企業(yè)”。

Beneficiaries would include companies such as Sinopharm Group, in which the Chinese government has a majority stake, with Fosun Pharma as a partner.

受益者將包括國(guó)藥控股(Sinopharm Group)等公司，中國(guó)政府持有國(guó)藥控股多數(shù)股份，復(fù)星醫(yī)藥(Fosun Pharma)也是股東之一。

The reform is likely to be more of a challenge for Chinese drugmakers that typically distribute their products indirectly, through local intermediaries. If applied to the medical device market it could benefit overseas companies by reducing the need for complicated supply chains.

對(duì)中國(guó)藥企來(lái)說(shuō)，此次改革很可能更多是一次挑戰(zhàn)。中國(guó)藥企一般通過(guò)地方中間商間接分銷其產(chǎn)品。如果這一改革應(yīng)用于醫(yī)療器械市場(chǎng)，可能會(huì)使海外藥企受益，因?yàn)樗鼈儾辉儆心敲创蟮谋匾ソ?fù)雜的供應(yīng)鏈。

Ireland-based Medtronic, for instance, was fined $17m by Chinese anti-monopoly authorities last year for price fixing in its multi-layered local distribution system.

例如，總部位于愛(ài)爾蘭的美敦力(Medtronic)去年被中國(guó)反壟斷部門(mén)罰款1700萬(wàn)美元，原因是該公司在其多層級(jí)的地方分銷體系中進(jìn)行限價(jià)。

Other large multinationals tend to have their own sales teams, which employed some 20,000 staff as of 2011, according to Rachel Lee, an industry observer.

其他大型跨國(guó)藥企在華往往都擁有自己的銷售團(tuán)隊(duì)，根據(jù)行業(yè)觀察人士Rachel Lee的數(shù)據(jù)，自2011年起，這些銷售團(tuán)隊(duì)共雇用了約2萬(wàn)名員工。

But use of direct sales staff has not prevented bribery. GlaxoSmithKline paid a record £297m fine in 2014 after its sales staff were found guilty of corruption, while Bristol-Myers Squibb faced $14m in US penalties over alleged bribery of Chinese hospital officials. Novartis agreed pay $25m last year over similar charges.

但使用直銷人員并沒(méi)有防止賄賂行為的發(fā)生。2014年，葛蘭素史克(GlaxoSmithKline)在其銷售人員被判犯有行賄罪后支付了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的2.97億英鎊罰款。而百時(shí)美施貴寶(Bristol-Myers Squibb)因涉嫌賄賂中國(guó)醫(yī)院官員在美國(guó)被罰了1400萬(wàn)美元。去年，諾華(Novartis)同意就類似的指控支付2500萬(wàn)美元。

State officials have said the reform is aimed at reducing drug prices. The current drug distribution system is “very inefficient and very costly, and the cost in the end is borne by the patient”, said Franck Le Deu of McKinsey’s healthcare practice. “Provinces and even cities can have a vested interest in having homegrown distributors in their backyard.”

政府官員已表示，此次改革的目的在于降低藥品價(jià)格。當(dāng)前的藥品分銷體系“非常低效、成本很高，這些成本最終都由患者承擔(dān)”，麥肯錫(McKinsey)醫(yī)療行業(yè)實(shí)踐部門(mén)的樂(lè)誠(chéng)鐸(Franck Le Deu)說(shuō)，“說(shuō)到在自己的后院保有本地的分銷商，各省、甚至市可能都在這方面存在既得利益。”

But according to Liu Tingfang, a hospital reform researcher at Tsinghua University, the squeeze on distributors will benefit pharmaceutical companies — which will save on distribution costs — more than patients.

但清華大學(xué)研究醫(yī)改的劉庭芳研究員表示，壓縮分銷商給藥企帶來(lái)的好處(藥企將可節(jié)省分銷成本)要多于給患者帶來(lái)的好處。

“Prices will not see much impact. Kickbacks will still exist,” he said, with low-paid medical staff at hospitals still expecting a share of sales. “It is necessary to reform doctors’ salaries.”

“藥價(jià)不會(huì)受到太大影響。回扣將依然存在，”他說(shuō)，因?yàn)獒t(yī)院收入不高的醫(yī)務(wù)人員仍指望從藥品銷售中分一杯羹。“有必要對(duì)醫(yī)生的工資進(jìn)行改革。”