油管人、巴馬、脫歐：《牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》又入新詞

《牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》近日宣布增加1500個(gè)新詞，2016年度英國(guó)最重大政治事件“英國(guó)脫歐”(Brexit)毫無(wú)懸念地位列其中。此外，來(lái)自社交媒體的新詞“油管人”，和搶了嬰兒潮一代風(fēng)頭的“時(shí)尚奶奶”，以及一些技術(shù)用語(yǔ)也被收錄其中。

 

 

Brexit may mean Brexit to Theresa May, but the Oxford English Dictionary has come to the aid of those who wish for a less opaque definition.

Brexit一詞也許只有在特里莎·梅眼里是“脫歐”的意思，對(duì)于許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，該詞的定義仍然模糊不清。近日《牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》幫助大家釋義解惑。

The word is among 1,500 new words added to the dictionary this week.

包括Brexit在內(nèi)，《牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》本星期共收錄了1500個(gè)新詞。

OED editors steered clear of political controversy by defining the process of Brexit rather than its consequences or implementation.

《牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》的編輯們沒有從脫歐產(chǎn)生的后果或最終的實(shí)現(xiàn)來(lái)下定義，而是對(duì)Brexit的過(guò)程進(jìn)行定義，避開了該詞背后的政治紛亂。

The definition reads: The (proposed) withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, and the political process associated with it. Sometimes used specifically with reference to the referendum held in the UK on 23 June 2016, in which a majority of voters favoured withdrawal from the EU.

其定義如下：Brexit是指英國(guó)退出歐盟的行動(dòng)(或計(jì)劃)，及其相關(guān)的政治進(jìn)程。該詞有時(shí)特指2016年6月23日的英國(guó)公投，當(dāng)時(shí)大部分投票者都支持英國(guó)退出歐盟。

Fiona McPherson, senior editor on the OED, told the Guardian the word had been one of the fastest to move from coinage to definition and listing.

詞典高級(jí)編輯菲奧納•麥克弗森告訴《衛(wèi)報(bào)》，近年來(lái)許多詞語(yǔ)由新詞快速上升為一種定義，并被列入詞典，而Brexit就是其中速度最快的之一。

"It is very unusual for a word to take hold of the language so quickly", she said.

“一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)能如此之快地進(jìn)入語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)實(shí)為少見，”她說(shuō)道。

The word, she added, "had filled an empty space in our language, and the growing importance of the phenomenon it described."

她補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)“填補(bǔ)了我們語(yǔ)言中的一個(gè)空缺，恰當(dāng)表述了它背后日益重要的政治現(xiàn)象。”

She added: "It has gone from a new word a couple of years ago to being on the front pages of foreign language newspapers used, which shows it is now a global word, not just one used here."

她還補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“Brexit幾年前還是一個(gè)新詞，而現(xiàn)在頻繁地在各大外刊頭版上使用，這表明它已經(jīng)是全球通用，絕不僅限于本國(guó)。”

As Grexit - Greece's hypothetical exit from the EU- has also been added to the OED this month, it is expected that should momentum grow for EU membership referendums elsewhere Nexit (Netherlands), Frexit (France) and Oexit (Austria) will follow Brexit into the dictionary.

Grexit是指希臘退出歐盟的假設(shè)，該詞在本月也被收錄進(jìn)了詞典。表達(dá)其他歐洲國(guó)家脫歐公投意圖的詞也預(yù)計(jì)將被收納，如Nexit(芬蘭脫歐)、Frexit(法國(guó)脫歐)、Oexit(奧地利脫歐)。

The influence of social media is visible in many of the new coinages.

人們能在許多新詞中看到社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的影響。

YouTubers, defined as frequent user of the video-sharing website YouTube, especially someone who produces and appears in videos on the site is included in the dictionary for the first time.

YouTubers(油管人)首次被納入詞典，指頻繁使用視頻分享網(wǎng)站YouTube(油管)的用戶，特別是自己制作視頻并且出鏡的人們。

Anyone who stands up to internet trolls can now legitimately call themselves an upstander - a person who speaks or acts in support of a cause, especially one who intervenes on behalf of a person being attacked or bullied.

如今，任何在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上挺身而出打抱不平的人都可以堂堂正正地自稱為upstander(挺身而出者)——指通過(guò)言語(yǔ)或行動(dòng)來(lái)支持某項(xiàng)事業(yè)的人，尤指敢于站出來(lái)，代表遭受攻擊和欺凌的人的利益，為其打抱不平。

A number of newly listed words and phrases have migrated from pop music, notably "get your freak on": defined as US slang (chiefly in African-American usage) 1) to engage in sexual activity, especially of an unconventional or uninhibited nature. 2) To dance, esp. in an uninhibited, wild, or exuberant fashion.

另一些新收錄的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)自于流行音樂(lè)，最出名的是“get your freak on”。它的定義為：美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)(主要用在非裔美國(guó)人中)1.參與性活動(dòng)，尤指挑戰(zhàn)傳統(tǒng)、放縱不羈的性行為。2.跳舞，尤指無(wú)拘無(wú)束、動(dòng)作狂野、熱情洋溢的舞蹈。

The phrase gained prominence in 2001 as the title of a Missy Elliott song.

該短語(yǔ)是梅西•埃麗奧特的一首歌名，2001年開始流行了起來(lái)。

Singer Beyonce had a hand in the listing of Bama, originally a 1920s abbreviation of the US state of Alabama. It evolved to become slang for a person from the rural American south, but was reclaimed this year by the singer in Formation, a track from her latest album Lemonade.

Bama一詞的收錄得力于歌手碧昂斯，該詞最早是20世紀(jì)20年代對(duì)美國(guó)阿拉巴馬州的縮寫，而后演化成了一個(gè)俚語(yǔ)，指來(lái)自美國(guó)南部鄉(xiāng)下的人。但碧昂斯在今年的最新專輯《Lemonade》里的單曲《Formation》中重新使用了這個(gè)詞。

The lyric says:

這段歌詞是：

My daddy Alabama / Momma Louisiana / You mix that negro with that Creole / make a Texas Bama.

我爸是阿拉巴馬人 /我媽是路易斯安納人 / 他們生了我這個(gè)帶著克里奧爾血統(tǒng)的黑人/ 讓我成了住在德克薩斯的阿拉巴馬人。

Words are admitted to the OED, McPherson said, according to their usage.

麥克弗森說(shuō)，《牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》會(huì)根據(jù)用法來(lái)收錄詞語(yǔ)。

"Once a word goes in, it doesn't come out. We have to have examples of it having passed into common usage or within a specialist area."

她說(shuō)：“一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)一旦被收入字典，就不會(huì)被刪除。當(dāng)它成為常用詞或?qū)I(yè)詞后，我們必須舉出與之相關(guān)的例子。”

Among the latest technical terms to have been added are examples of surfer lingo for wave types and surfing techniques.

此次添加的最新術(shù)語(yǔ)中，就包括了有關(guān)海浪種類和沖浪技巧的沖浪術(shù)語(yǔ)。

As usual, a raft of management speak makes it into the dictionary, led by out-strategise: a verb by to outmanoeuvre (an opponent, rival, etc.); to outdo in strategising.

與往常一樣，一些管理話語(yǔ)也進(jìn)入了詞典，以“反策略”為首：動(dòng)詞，以計(jì)謀勝過(guò);在策略上戰(zhàn)勝(敵人，反對(duì)派);在策略上勝出。

Though many additions to the 829,000 words in the dictionary arise from young people and social media, others reflect the ageing population.

盡管新加入進(jìn)《牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》82.9萬(wàn)個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的新詞很多都來(lái)自于年輕人和社交媒體，但還有一些詞語(yǔ)來(lái)自于老年人。

Leading the way for Baby Boomers is glam-ma: a glamorous grandmother, especially one who is comparatively young or fashion-conscious.

搶了Baby Boomer(嬰兒潮時(shí)代出生的人)風(fēng)頭的是glam-ma(時(shí)尚奶奶)：指風(fēng)韻猶存的高齡女性，尤指相對(duì)年輕、有時(shí)尚氣息的老奶奶。