聯(lián)合國新一輪制裁對朝鮮煤炭出口設(shè)限

The United Nations imposed new restrictions on North Korea’s ability to export coal on Wednesday, the latest attempt by the international community to tighten a sanctions regime that has not halted Pyongyang’s drive towards a nuclear programme.

聯(lián)合國(UN)周三對朝鮮的煤炭出口能力施加了新的限制，這是國際社會試圖收緊對朝制裁的最新舉措，此前的一系列制裁措施未能阻止朝鮮推進其核計劃。

The 15-member UN Security Council voted unanimously to approve the new sanctions which could reduce North Korea’s export revenue by as much as a quarter if fully implemented, diplomats said.

多名外交官表示，聯(lián)合國安理會(UN Security Council) 15個成員國一致批準了新制裁措施，這些措施一旦得到全面執(zhí)行，將令朝鮮出口收入最多減少四分之一。

The new round of sanctions follows North Korea’s fifth nuclear test in September and a series of missile launches that it has conducted in recent months which have all added to the momentum behind its nuclear programme.

新一輪制裁是在朝鮮9月進行第五次核試驗、近幾個月還開展了一系列導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射活動之后出臺的，這些試驗和發(fā)射加大了朝鮮核計劃的發(fā)展勢頭。

Amid high uncertainty about how a Trump administration will approach North Korea, the new sanctions also come amid a growing debate in Washington about the need for a different approach towards Pyongyang.

新制裁措施出臺之際，關(guān)于特朗普領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的美國新政府將對朝鮮采取什么樣的政策，存在高度不確定性。此外，華盛頓關(guān)于是否有必要轉(zhuǎn)變對朝策略的爭論也越來越激烈。

The resolution builds on a package of sanctions from earlier in the year which tried to limit North Korea exports of commodities, including coal — its biggest source of hard currency — copper, nickel and silver.

今年早些時候安理會就通過了一攬子制裁方案，試圖限制朝鮮多種大宗商品的出口，包括煤炭(這是朝鮮最大的硬通貨來源)、銅、鎳和銀等。

US officials said that a clause in the previous sanctions designed to prevent undue suffering by the North Korean people had been used to accelerate coal sales. Under the new rules, a cap has been placed on annual coal exports at 7.5m metric tonnes or around $400m, which would reduce export earnings from coal by 60 per cent.

美國官員表示，此前的制裁措施中一則旨在防止朝鮮人民承受過大苦難的條款被利用來加快煤炭銷售。新規(guī)定對朝鮮的年度煤炭出口能力設(shè)了上限，出口總量不能超過750萬公噸或出口價值不能超過大約4億美元，這會令朝鮮的煤炭出口收入減少60%。

Samantha Power, US ambassador to the UN, said that the resolution imposed “unprecedented measures” on North Korea. “No resolution in New York will persuade Pyongyang to cease its relentless pursuit of nuclear weapons,” she said. “But this resolution imposes unprecedented costs on the DPRK [North Korean] regime for defying the UN’s demands.”

美國駐聯(lián)合國大使薩曼莎•鮑爾(Samantha Power)表示，該決議對朝鮮實施了“史無前例的舉措”。她表示：“聯(lián)合國總部沒有任何決議能說服平壤方面停止對核武器的堅定追求。但是這一決議會讓朝鮮政權(quán)為違抗聯(lián)合國的要求付出史無前例的代價。”

Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, said that it was incumbent on members of the Security Council to implement the new rules. “Sanctions are only as effective as their implementation,” he said.

聯(lián)合國秘書長潘基文(Ban Ki-moon)表示，安理會成員國有責任貫徹實施這些新規(guī)定。他表示：“制裁只有得到執(zhí)行才有效。”

The impact of the new sanctions will ultimately depend on China’s willingness to enforce the new export caps. Liu Jieyi, China’s ambassador to the UN, said: “The resolution adopted by the council today demonstrates the uniformed stand of the international community against the development by DPRK of its nuclear and ballistic missiles.”

新一輪制裁會產(chǎn)生多大影響，最終要看中國執(zhí)行新出口上限的意愿。中國駐聯(lián)合國大使劉結(jié)一表示：“當天安理會通過的決議，表明了國際社會反對朝鮮發(fā)展核導(dǎo)計劃、維護國際核不擴散體系的一致立場。”

The apparent advances in North Korea’s nuclear programme have led US officials to admit that the policies aimed at containing Pyongyang’s ambitions have largely failed. James Clapper, director of national intelligence, admitted in September: “I think the idea of getting North Korea to denuclearise is probably a lost cause.”

朝鮮核計劃的明顯進展使得美國官員承認，旨在遏制朝鮮核野心的政策基本上失敗了。今年9月，美國國家情報總監(jiān)(DNI)詹姆斯•克拉珀(James Clapper)曾承認：“我認為，讓朝鮮無核化的想法也許注定要失敗。”

David Pressman, until recently US ambassador at the UN for special political affairs who was involved in the sanctions negotiations, said that the new restrictions — if implemented — were an important element in increasing economic pressure on North Korea, but would not by themselves change Pyongyang’s calculations.

曾參與磋商對朝制裁事宜的戴維•普雷斯曼(David Pressman)表示，在對朝鮮增加經(jīng)濟壓力方面，新制裁措施一旦實施將起到重要作用，但是它們本身不會改變朝鮮政府的盤算。

“The idea that we are going to deal with this problem through more sanctions alone is a folly,” said Mr Pressman, now at the law firm Boies, Schiller and Flexner. “We need more options on the table and we need more enforcement.”

他說：“那種認為我們只會通過加大制裁處理這個問題的想法很愚蠢。我們需要把更多選項擺到桌面上討論，我們需要加大實施力度。”目前，普雷斯曼供職于Boies, Schiller and Flexner律師事務(wù)所。