中國(guó)先進(jìn)武器在中東戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)試身手

In recent weeks, Yemen’s Houthi rebels have fired volleys of what are widely thought to be the Chinese-designed C-801 or C-802A anti-ship missiles at US warships in the Gulf of Aden.

近幾周，也門胡塞(Houthi)叛軍向亞丁灣的美國(guó)軍艦發(fā)動(dòng)了炮火攻擊，各方普遍認(rèn)為，他們使用的是中國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)的C-801或C-802A反艦導(dǎo)彈。

While no American vessel has been hit, one missile damaged a high-speed ferry operated by the United Arab Emirates. No casualties have been reported.

雖然沒有美國(guó)船只被擊中，但阿聯(lián)酋一艘快速運(yùn)輸船被一枚導(dǎo)彈毀損，所幸沒有人員傷亡報(bào)告。

With Saudi-led air strikes on Yemen contributing to a humanitarian crisis and thousands already dead, the Obama administration and other western governments are under pressure to halt arms sales to Riyadh.

以沙特為首針對(duì)也門發(fā)起的空襲已造成數(shù)千人喪生，引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)人道主義危機(jī)，奧巴馬(Obama)政府及其他西方政府受到了停止向利雅得出售武器的壓力。

Meanwhile, Chinese arms are playing an increasing role in the conflict. The missile attacks off Yemen have raised the profile of a new generation of Chinese strategic weapons, many of which are being used in combat for the first time in dirty wars throughout the Middle East and Africa.

與此同時(shí)，中國(guó)武器在這場(chǎng)沖突中派上了越來越大的用場(chǎng)。從也門方向發(fā)起的導(dǎo)彈攻擊提升了中國(guó)新一代戰(zhàn)略武器的名氣——在中東和非洲各地的“骯臟戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”中，許多中國(guó)新式武器首次被用于戰(zhàn)斗。

While low-tech hardware such as the Type-56 assault rifle, a variant of the Russian AK-47, have been widely used for decades, the Middle East is becoming the proving ground for a new generation of advanced Chinese weapons such as missiles, aircraft and drones. “The Chinese and many other navies would be quite impressed with the amount of destruction [the anti-ship missile] caused on the high-speed ferry,” said Rick Fisher, senior fellow at the International Assessment and Strategy Center in Washington. “And this is only the beginning” of a greater use of Chinese weapons in the Middle East and elsewhere.

幾十年來，諸如56式突擊步槍(蘇聯(lián)AK-47突擊步槍的中國(guó)仿制版)等低技術(shù)含量的中國(guó)武器就已被廣泛使用，但目前中東正成為中國(guó)新一代先進(jìn)武器如導(dǎo)彈、飛機(jī)和無人機(jī)等的試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)。華盛頓國(guó)際評(píng)估和戰(zhàn)略中心(International Strategy and Assessment Center)高級(jí)研究員里克•費(fèi)舍爾(Rick Fisher)表示，“中國(guó)及其他多國(guó)海軍將會(huì)對(duì)那艘(被反艦導(dǎo)彈擊中的)快速運(yùn)輸船的毀損程度感到印象深刻，而這只是開始”，中國(guó)武器在中東及其他地區(qū)將得到越來越廣泛的使用。

In the five years to 2015, China overtook Germany to become the world’s third-largest arms trader as arms exports rose 143 per cent, according to data compiled by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. The US remains the biggest arms exporter.

根據(jù)斯德哥爾摩國(guó)際和平研究所(Stockholm International Peace Research Institute)匯編數(shù)據(jù)，在截至2015年的五年里，中國(guó)超過德國(guó)成為全球第三大武器貿(mào)易國(guó)，期間其武器出口增長(zhǎng)了143%。美國(guó)仍是最大武器出口國(guó)。

The attack on the US warships was good advertising, said Col Yue Gang, a retired officer in the People’s Liberation Army. The China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, which makes the missiles, declined to comment.

中國(guó)人民解放軍(PLA)退役上校岳剛表示，這次美國(guó)軍艦遭受到的攻擊是很好的廣告。制造這些導(dǎo)彈的中國(guó)航天科工集團(tuán)公司(CASIC)對(duì)此不予置評(píng)。

Gary Li, a Beijing-based consultant for APCO Worldwide, said Chinese arms makers had become used to seeing their weapons on YouTube videos or TV news. “The only way Chinese weapons can be tested in combat is in regional small wars,” he said. “If the weapons work, it’s a great advertisement. If they don’t, this can be blamed on local operators. This is something all arms manufacturers do. The very fact Chinese kit is starting to appear in conflicts around the world is good publicity for them.”

安可顧問公司(APCO Worldwide)駐北京的Gary Li表示，中國(guó)武器制造商已漸漸習(xí)慣在YouTube或電視新聞上看到他們的武器。他說：“中國(guó)武器獲得實(shí)戰(zhàn)檢驗(yàn)的唯一途徑是在地區(qū)性小規(guī)模戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中。如果這些武器管用，就是很棒的廣告。如果沒有，就可以歸咎于當(dāng)?shù)貞?zhàn)斗人員。所有武器制造商都這么干。中國(guó)武器開始在世界各地的沖突中亮相，這本身就能起到很好的宣傳效果。 ”

Until now, China’s largest arms client has been Pakistan, which has used drones and a jointly produced fighter aircraft, the J-17, against Islamist militants in South Waziristan. One attraction for Islamabad is reliability of supply. This year alone, the US Congress cancelled $430m in subsidies for the purchase by Islamabad of eight F-16s, saying Pakistan had not done enough to fight militants. “The US has a congress but China doesn’t,” said a senior Pakistani official. “The Chinese don’t interfere in other people’s internal affairs as the Americans do. What good is American technology if they pull the rug from under your feet unexpectedly?”

到目前為止，巴基斯坦一直是中國(guó)出口武器的最大客戶。在對(duì)南瓦濟(jì)里斯坦(South Waziristan)伊斯蘭武裝分子的打擊中，巴方使用了無人機(jī)和中巴聯(lián)合生產(chǎn)的JF-17戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)(中國(guó)稱為“梟龍”，代號(hào)FC-1——譯者注)。對(duì)伊斯蘭堡來說，中國(guó)武器的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是供應(yīng)的可靠性。僅在今年，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)就取消了為巴基斯坦購(gòu)買8架F-16戰(zhàn)機(jī)提供4.3億美元補(bǔ)貼，理由是巴基斯坦沒有采取足夠有力的措施打擊武裝分子。“美國(guó)有個(gè)國(guó)會(huì)，中國(guó)沒有，”一名巴基斯坦高官表示，“中國(guó)不干涉別國(guó)內(nèi)政，但美國(guó)喜歡這樣做。美國(guó)技術(shù)有什么好的?——如果他們會(huì)出其不意給你來個(gè)釜底抽薪的話。”

China has not signed the 2014 Arms Trade Treaty, which supposedly limits transfer of arms to governments that could use them for war crimes. The US has signed but not ratified the treaty.

中國(guó)目前沒有簽署聯(lián)合國(guó)2014年生效的《武器貿(mào)易條約》(Arms Trade Treaty)，該條約限制向可能將武器用于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪行的政府提供武器。美國(guó)雖已簽署，但尚未批準(zhǔn)該條約。

Another advantage for arms importers is in the price. Pakistan and China have not publicly disclosed the cost of a J-17, but western officials believe it is half the price of a similar western aircraft.

對(duì)武器進(jìn)口方來說，中國(guó)武器的另一項(xiàng)優(yōu)勢(shì)是價(jià)格。中巴兩國(guó)沒有公開披露JF-17戰(zhàn)機(jī)的價(jià)格，但西方官員認(rèn)為其價(jià)格只有西方類似戰(zhàn)機(jī)的一半。

China has also sold its CH-4 drone — visually identical to the US General Atomics Reaper drone — to countries to which the US reportedly refuses to sell drones, such as Iraq, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.

中國(guó)還將“彩虹4”無人機(jī)——外觀神似美國(guó)通用原子公司(General Atomics)的“死神”(Reaper)無人機(jī)——出售給伊拉克、尼日利亞、沙特阿拉伯和巴基斯坦等國(guó)，據(jù)報(bào)道，美國(guó)拒絕向這些國(guó)家出售無人機(jī)。

Questions about the combat effectiveness of Chinese weapons remain. “Their combat record is so limited it is hard to make a comparison [with US weapons],” said Peter Singer, an expert on drone warfare at the New America Foundation in Washington.

中國(guó)武器的戰(zhàn)斗力仍然令人抱有疑問。華盛頓新美國(guó)基金會(huì)(New America Foundation)的無人機(jī)作戰(zhàn)專家彼得•辛格(Peter Singer)說：“它們的作戰(zhàn)記錄非常有限，很難(與美國(guó)武器)進(jìn)行比較。”

While most Chinese arms are sold to governments, videos suggest that some advanced weapons find their way into the hands of militant groups in Syria. While successes have been trumpeted by dealers, failures are still common. Chinese commentators are quick to say that what is being supplied to the Middle East is far from their best equipment.

中國(guó)武器主要賣給政府，但有視頻顯示，部分先進(jìn)武器會(huì)流入敘利亞武裝組織的手中。雖然軍火商吹噓中國(guó)武器的威力，但失誤卻很常見。中國(guó)評(píng)論家很快回應(yīng)稱，目前為中東提供的武器遠(yuǎn)非他們最好的裝備。