除了想家，斯諾頓的日子過得還不錯

Snowden Sees Some Victories, From a Distance

除了想家，斯諾頓的日子過得還不錯

WASHINGTON — For an international fugitive hiding out in Russia from American espionage charges, Edward J. Snowden gets around.

華盛頓——作為一名逃避間諜罪指控而離開美國、躲在俄羅斯的國際逃犯，愛德華·J·斯諾登(Edward J. Snowden)是個有辦法的人。

May has been another month of virtual globe-hopping for Mr. Snowden, the former National Security Agency contractor, with video appearances so far at Princeton and in a “distinguished speakers” series at Stanford and at conferences in Norway and Australia. Before the month is out, he is scheduled to speak by video to audiences in Italy, and also in Ecuador, where there will be a screening of “Citizenfour,” the Oscar-winning documentary about him.

5月，國家安全局(National Security Agency，簡稱NSA)前承包商雇員斯諾登在全球各地的虛擬旅程仍在繼續(xù)：他通過視頻出現(xiàn)在普林斯頓大學(Princeton)的校園里，出現(xiàn)在斯坦福大學的“杰出人士演講”系列活動中;出現(xiàn)在挪威和澳大利亞的會議上。按照計劃，月底之前，他還將通過視頻對意大利和厄瓜多爾的觀眾演講，以他為主角的奧斯卡獲獎紀錄片《第四公民》(Citizenfour)將在這兩個國家上映。

But there have been far more consequential victories for Mr. Snowden’s cause two years after he flew from Hawaii to Hong Kong carrying laptops loaded with N.S.A. secrets.

但在攜帶存有NSA機密信息的筆記本電腦從夏威夷飛往香港兩年后，斯諾登的事業(yè)成就遠遠不止于此。

Two weeks ago, a federal appeals court ruled that the first N.S.A. program he disclosed, which collects the phone call records of millions of Americans, is illegal. Last week, the House of Representatives voted overwhelmingly to transform the program by keeping the bulk phone records out of government hands, a change President Obama has endorsed and the Senate is now debating. And Apple and Google have angered the F.B.I. by stepping up encryption, including on smartphones, to scramble communications and protect customers from the kind of government surveillance Mr. Snowden exposed.

兩周前，他最初揭露的NSA收集數(shù)百萬美國人電話記錄的項目，被一家聯(lián)邦上訴法庭裁定為非法。上周，眾議院(House of Representatives)以壓倒性多數(shù)票通過了一項旨在改造這一項目、禁止政府大規(guī)模搜集民眾通話記錄的議案，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)對此持支持態(tài)度，參議院目前正在討論該議案。與此同時，讓聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局(FBI)非常惱火的是，谷歌(Google)和蘋果(Apple)正在加快推行數(shù)據(jù)加密——包括智能手機數(shù)據(jù)加密——技術的步伐，對通信信號進行加擾，幫助用戶避開斯諾登所揭露的這種政府監(jiān)控。

The fallout has been deeply satisfying to Mr. Snowden, who at first feared that his revelations might be ignored, said Ben Wizner, an American Civil Liberties Union lawyer who represents him. But the debate about Mr. Snowden is far from over.

斯諾登的法律顧問、美國公民自由聯(lián)盟(American Civil Liberties Union)律師本·維茨納(Ben Wizner)表示，斯諾登對這樣的結(jié)果非常滿意，他一開始還擔心他揭露的事情會被忽略。但關于斯諾登的討論遠未結(jié)束。

“His life is very, very rich and full,” Mr. Wizner said, eager to refute predictions by Mr. Snowden’s critics in 2013 that he would end up in bitter obscurity in Russia. “What a remarkable public citizen he’s become. How fitting that he has been able to use technology to defeat exile and participate in the debate he started.”

斯諾登的批評者在2013年曾預測，在俄羅斯等待他的將是無人過問的苦澀生活，竭力駁斥此類言論的維茨納說，“他現(xiàn)在過得非常豐富多彩，非常充實”。“他已經(jīng)成為了一位如此杰出的公眾公民。他能夠利用技術克服被放逐的窘境，參與到由他發(fā)起的討論之中，多完美啊。”

American intelligence officials tell a different story about the saga that began on May 20, 2013, the day Mr. Snowden flew to Hong Kong. Mr. Snowden’s decision to leak hundreds of thousands of highly classified N.S.A. documents to selected reporters still prompts fury from many in the Obama administration, who say his revelations taught terrorists and other adversaries how to dodge the agency’s eavesdropping. They note that his disclosures, some of which were printed in The New York Times, went far beyond the phone records collection, touching on many programs that target foreign countries and do not involve Americans’ privacy.

關于這個始于2013年5月20日(斯諾登飛往香港的日子)的傳奇，美國情報官員的說法截然不同。斯諾登泄露數(shù)百份NSA高級機密文件的決定，令奧巴馬政府里的許多人怒火中燒，他們說，斯諾登泄露的信息會讓恐怖分子以及美國的其他對手受到啟發(fā)，摸索出避免被NSA監(jiān)聽的方法。

“The only debate we’re really having in the U.S. is about the very first document that Snowden produced,” said Stewart A. Baker, a former N.S.A. general counsel and outspoken critic of the leaks, referring to the secret court order authorizing the phone records program. “The rest of the documents have been used as a kind of intelligence porn for the rest of the world — ‘Oooh, look at what N.S.A. is doing.’ ”

直言不諱地批評了泄密行為的NSA前首席法律顧問斯圖爾特·A·貝克(Stewart A. Baker)稱，“在美國，我們的討論其實只限于斯諾登泄露的第一份文件。”他指的是授權啟動電話記錄監(jiān)控項目的秘密法庭判令。“余下的文件對外界而言只是某種情報色情片——‘哎呦喂，看看NSA干什么呢。’”

In a new memoir, Michael J. Morell, former deputy director and acting director of the C.I.A., expresses the dark view of many intelligence veterans, even blaming Mr. Snowden’s leaks for empowering the Islamic State extremist group, also known as ISIS or ISIL.

曾擔任中情局副局長和代理局長的邁克爾·J·莫雷爾(Michael J. Morell)在一本新出版的回憶錄中表達了許多情報界資深人士的悲觀看法，甚至譴責說，斯諾登的泄密之舉讓極端組織伊斯蘭國(Islamic State，又稱ISIS 或ISIL)變得更強大了。

“ISIS was one of the terrorist groups that learned from Snowden, and it is clear his actions played a role in the rise of ISIS,” Mr. Morell writes in “The Great War of Our Time,” offering no elaboration. “In short, Snowden has made the United States and our allies considerably less safe. I do not say this lightly: Americans may well die at the hands of terrorists because of Edward Snowden’s actions.”

“ISIS是以斯諾登為師的恐怖組織之一;顯然，他的行為是促成ISIS崛起的因素，”莫雷爾在名為《我們這個時代的世界大戰(zhàn)》(The Great War of Our Time)的回憶錄中寫道。“簡而言之，斯諾登已經(jīng)讓美國以及我們的盟友處于遠不如以前安全的境地。這話不是隨便說說的：美國人可能會因為斯諾登的行為而死于恐怖分子之手。”

Given such assessments, prosecutors have shown no inclination to offer Mr. Snowden a plea bargain he would accept. The Russian government granted him a three-year residency last summer, and he has no obvious prospect of leaving any time soon. Even if Mr. Snowden acquired some kind of travel documents — the United States has revoked his passport and he is not a citizen of Russia, so he has no Russian passport — he would face a high risk of arrest in any other country and a return to the United States for trial.

鑒于此類評價，檢察官并未露出要跟斯諾登達成認罪協(xié)議的意向，盡管后者聲稱愿意認罪服刑。俄羅斯政府去年夏天給予斯諾登為期三年的居住許可;目前沒有明顯的跡象表明他將很快離開。他的美國護照已經(jīng)被注銷了;由于不是俄羅斯公民，他也并不持有俄羅斯護照。即便取得某種旅行證件，他仍然面臨著極高的風險，有可能在其他任何國家遭到逮捕，被送回美國受審。

Mr. Snowden’s main source of income, his lawyer said, is speaking fees, which have sometimes exceeded $10,000 for an appearance. His American girlfriend, Lindsay Mills, who represented him at the Academy Awards ceremony in February, has joined him in Moscow.

斯諾登的律師稱，演講費是斯諾登的主要收入來源，有時露一次面可以拿到超過1萬美元。他的美國女友林賽·米爾斯(Lindsay Mills)已經(jīng)在莫斯科跟他團聚了。米爾斯曾代表他出席奧斯卡頒獎典禮。

But Mr. Snowden’s standing, if complicated, is still a far cry from what it was after he first went public from Hong Kong in June 2013 as the source of the leaked N.S.A. archive. In Congress and on cable television at that time, there was much talk of treason, suggestions that Mr. Snowden must be an agent of Russia or China and even calls for killing him with a drone strike.

但斯諾登的身份，即便很復雜，也與他2013年6月在香港首次公開亮相時有了很大的差別，當時他只是泄露NSA檔案的源頭。那時在國會及有線電視上很多人都提到叛國罪，暗示斯諾登肯定是俄羅斯或中國的特工，甚至呼吁通過無人機襲擊除掉他。

To date, there has been no evidence that Mr. Snowden took the N.S.A. data on behalf of any other country or shared it except with journalists. (Mr. Morell, the former C.I.A. official, says he believes that Mr. Snowden would have rebuffed any offers from Russia or China, “given his mind-set and his clear dislike for intelligence services of any stripe.”)

迄今為止，尚未有證據(jù)證明斯諾登為了其他國家而獲取NSA數(shù)據(jù)，或者曾將數(shù)據(jù)分享給記者以外的人。(前中情局官員莫雷爾表示，他認為，“鑒于斯諾登的心態(tài)，以及他對所有情報機構的明顯惡感，”他會拒絕俄羅斯或中國開出的一切條件。)

At Princeton this month, the director of the university’s program in law and public affairs, Kim Lane Scheppele, introduced Mr. Snowden to a crowd that filled a large auditorium and two overflow rooms. She acknowledged that it was unusual for a program on law to feature as speaker someone facing serious criminal charges.

本月在普林斯頓大學，法律及公共事務課程負責人金·萊恩·謝佩勒(Kim Lane Scheppele)向擠滿了一個大禮堂及兩個外廳的觀眾介紹了斯諾登。她承認，一個法律課程邀請面臨嚴重刑事指控的人擔任演講者是十分罕見的。

“But the very size of this audience today,” she said, “indicates that Edward Snowden has done something very important, by disclosing information that alerted the public to what was being done in our name.”

“但今天到場觀眾的數(shù)量說明，”她說，“愛德華·斯諾登做了一些非常重要的事情，他所揭露的信息使公眾意識到，都有哪些事在以我們的名義進行著。”

Then the huge, projected image of Mr. Snowden himself loomed over the stage. He laughed sheepishly, muttering about looking like Big Brother.

然后，斯諾登的巨大投影圖像出現(xiàn)在舞臺上。他羞怯地笑了笑，抱怨稱自己看起來像是“老大哥”。

Last Friday, at Stanford, he fielded the inevitable question: Is he a hero or a traitor?

上周五在斯坦福大學(Standford)，他回答了一個不可避免的問題：他是英雄還是叛徒?

“It’s not about me,” he insisted. “It’s about us. I’m not a hero. I’m not a traitor. I’m an ordinary American like anyone else in the room.”

“這不是關于我的問題，”他堅稱。“而是關于我們大家的。我不是英雄。不是叛徒。我跟房間里的每一個人一樣，就是一名普通的美國人。”