中國政府采購將蘋果,思科和英特爾拒之門外

China has dropped some of the world’s leadingtechnology brands from its approved statepurchase lists, while approving thousands morelocally made products, in what some say is aresponse to revelations of widespread Westerncybersurveillance.

中國的政府采購名單剔除了一些全球領先技術品牌，同時，數(shù)千種國產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品被納入其中。有人認為，這是中國在西方的全面網(wǎng)絡監(jiān)控遭到披露后所采取的應對措施。

Others put the shift down to a protectionist impulseto shield China’s domestic technology industry fromcompetition.

也有人將此斥為保護主義，稱其目的是防止國內(nèi)科技行業(yè)受到競爭的沖擊。

Chief casualty is U.S. network equipment maker Cisco Systems Inc CSCO -0.47% , which in2012 counted 60 products on the Central Government Procurement Center’s (CGPC) list, butby late 2014 had none, a Reuters analysis of official data shows.

損失最大的是美國網(wǎng)絡設備制造商思科系統(tǒng)公司。路透社對官方數(shù)據(jù)的分析顯示，2012年思科公司有60種產(chǎn)品進入了《中央政府采購名錄》(以下簡稱《名錄》)，到2014年底，這個數(shù)字變成了零。

Smartphone and PC maker Apple Inc INTC -1.35% security software firm McAfee and networkand server software firm Citrix Systems .

智能手機和電腦制造商蘋果公司、殺毒軟件制造商邁克菲公司和網(wǎng)絡及服務器軟件公司思杰系統(tǒng)也受到了影響。

 

 

The number of products on the list, which covers regular spending by central ministries, jumpedby more than 2,000 in two years to just under 5,000, but the increase is almost entirely due tolocal makers.

《名錄》覆蓋了中央政府部門的常規(guī)支出。它所包含的產(chǎn)品數(shù)量在兩年內(nèi)增加了2000多種，總數(shù)幾乎達到5000種，但新增的差不多都是國產(chǎn)商品。

The number of approved foreign tech brands fell by a third, while less than half of those withsecurity-related products survived the cull.

《名錄》中的外國科技品牌總體減少了三分之一，而產(chǎn)品與信息安全有關的外國公司只剩下了一小半。

An official at the procurement agency said there were many reasons why local makers might bepreferred, including sheer weight of numbers and the fact that domestic security technologyfirms offered more product guarantees than overseas rivals.

中央國家機關政府采購中心的一位官員表示，國內(nèi)企業(yè)可能更受青睞的原因有很多，比如它們數(shù)量眾多，而且國內(nèi)信息安全技術公司在質保方面也超過了海外競爭對手。

China’s change of tack coincided with leaks by former U.S. National Security Agency (NSA)contractor Edward Snowden in mid-2013 that exposed several global surveillance program,many of them run by the NSA with the cooperation of telecom companies and Europeangovernments.

2013年年中，美國國家安全局前承包商愛德華o斯諾登曝光了美國政府的一些全球監(jiān)控項目，其中多個項目都由國安局負責，并得到了電信公司和歐洲各國政府的協(xié)助。中國政府的采購行為也恰好在這個時候發(fā)生了變化。

“The Snowden incident, it’s become a real concern, especially for top leaders,” said Tu Xinquan,Associate Director of the China Institute of WTO Studies at the University of InternationalBusiness and Economics in Beijing. “In some sense the American government has someresponsibility for that; (China’s) concerns have some legitimacy.”

對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學中國世界貿(mào)易組織研究院執(zhí)行院長屠新泉表示：“斯諾登事件確實讓人擔心，特別是對首腦人物來說。從某種意義上講，美國政府對此負有一定責任;(中國的)顧慮則有一定的道理。”

Cybersecurity has been a significant irritant in U.S.-China ties, with both sides accusing theother of abuses.

網(wǎng)絡安全一直是中美關系的一大隱患，兩國都指責對方有不當行為。

U.S. tech groups wrote last month to the Chinese administration complaining about some ofits new cybersecurity regulations, some of which force technology vendors to Chinese banks tohand over secret source code and adopt Chinese encryption algorithms.

上個月，美國科技行業(yè)團體致函中國政府部門，對后者的一些網(wǎng)絡安全新規(guī)表達了不滿。受部分新規(guī)定影響，為一些中國銀行提供技術服務的美國公司不得不提供屬于公司機密的源代碼并使用中國的加密算法。

The CGPC list, which details products by brand and type, is approved by China’s Ministry ofFinance, the CGPC official said. The list does not detail what quantity of a product has beenpurchased, and does not bind local government or state-owned enterprises, nor the military,which runs its own system of procurement approval.

《名錄》詳細列出了各類產(chǎn)品的品牌和型號。上文中提到的中央國家機關政府采購中心官員稱，這份目錄由財政部負責審批。《名錄》不提供已采購產(chǎn)品的詳細數(shù)量，對地方政府、國企以及采購審批自成一體的軍隊沒有約束力。

The Ministry of Finance declined immediate comment.

財政部方面拒絕立即就此發(fā)表評論。

“We have previously acknowledged that geopolitical concerns have impacted our business incertain emerging markets,” said a Cisco spokesman.

思科發(fā)言人稱：“我們之前已經(jīng)承認，地緣政治方面的顧慮已經(jīng)對我們在某些新興市場的業(yè)務產(chǎn)生了影響。”

An Intel spokesman said the company had frequent conversations at various levels of the U.S.and Chinese governments, but did not provide further details.

英特爾發(fā)言人指出，該公司頻繁和中美各級政府進行對話，但未進一步說明詳情。

Apple declined to comment, and Citrix was not immediately available to comment.

蘋果公司拒絕發(fā)表評論。筆者尚未與思杰系統(tǒng)取得聯(lián)系。

Industry insiders also see in the changing profile of the CGPC list a wider strategic goal to helpChinese tech firms get a bigger slice of China’s information and communications technologymarket, which is tipped to grow 11.4 percent to $465.6 billion in 2015, according to techresearch firm IDC.

業(yè)內(nèi)人士還認為，《名錄》內(nèi)容的變化還體現(xiàn)了一個更大的戰(zhàn)略目標，那就是幫助中國科技企業(yè)在國內(nèi)IT市場獲得更多份額?？萍夹袠I(yè)研究機構IDC預計，2015年，這個市場的規(guī)模將增長11.4%，達到4656億美元。

“There’s no doubt that the SOE segment of the market has been favoring the local indigenouscontent,” said an executive at a Western technology firm who declined to be identified.

一位拒絕提及其姓名的西方科技公司高管稱：“毫無疑問，這個市場中的國企用戶一直都很青睞本土產(chǎn)品。”

The executive said the post-Snowden security concerns were a pretext. The real objectivewas to nurture China’s domestic tech industry and subsequently support its expansionoverseas.

該高管指出，斯諾登事件帶來的安全顧慮只是一個借口。中國政府的真正目的在于培育國內(nèi)科技行業(yè)，以及隨后支持該行業(yè)進行海外擴張。

China also wants to move to a more consumption-based economy, which would be helped byChinese authorities and companies buying local technology, the executive said.

該高管還認為，中國希望向消費型經(jīng)濟靠攏，而政府和企業(yè)購買本土技術對此應有所幫助。

Policy measures supporting the broader strategy include making foreign companies formdomestic partnerships, participate in technology transfers and hand over intellectualproperty in the name of information security.

為這個大戰(zhàn)略服務的政策措施包括要求外國公司和國內(nèi)企業(yè)結為合作伙伴，參與技術轉讓，并以信息安全為由轉讓知識產(chǎn)權。

Wang Zhihai, president and CEO of Beijing Wondersoft, which provides information securityproducts to government, state banks and private companies, said the market in China was fair,especially compared with the U.S., where China’s Huawei Technologies, the world’s largestnetworking and telecoms equipment maker, was unable to do business due to U.S. securityconcerns.

北京明朝萬達科技有限公司為政府、國有銀行和私營企業(yè)提供信息安全產(chǎn)品。該公司總裁王志海指出，中國的市場很公平，特別是和美國市場相比。作為全球最大的網(wǎng)絡和通信設備制造商，華為無法在美國開展業(yè)務，原因是美國政府擔心安全問題。

Local companies were also bound by the same cybersecurity laws that U.S. companies wereobjecting to, he added.

他還說，中國國內(nèi)企業(yè)也受到網(wǎng)絡安全法規(guī)的約束，與美國公司別無二致。

The danger for China, say experts, is that it could leave itself dependent on domestictechnology, which remains inferior to foreign market leaders and more vulnerable to cyberattack.

專家認為，危險在于這樣做可能讓中國依賴于國內(nèi)技術，而后者和國外市場龍頭的技術相比仍有差距，而且更容易受到網(wǎng)絡攻擊。

Some of those benefiting from policies encouraging domestic procurement accept thatChinese companies trail foreign competitors in the security sphere.

國內(nèi)采購鼓勵政策的部分受益者也認為，在安全領域，中國公司落后于外國競爭對手。

“In China, information security compared to international levels is still very far behind; theentire understanding of it is behind,” said Wondersoft’s Wang.

王志海說：“中國的信息安全程度仍遠低于國際水平;對信息安全的理解也全面落后。”

But Wang, like China, is taking the long view.

但和中國政府一樣，王志海目光長遠。

“In 10 or more years, that’s when we should be there.”

“10年或更長時間以后，我們就應該能夠趕上國際水平了。”