熱門美劇《紙牌屋》中的中國(guó)新形象

導(dǎo)讀：近年來很多歐美影視劇都會(huì)融入中國(guó)元素，最近正在熱播美劇《紙牌屋》第二季更是如此。下面就讓我們回顧一下那些具有中國(guó)元素的國(guó)外影視作品吧!

When the history of America’s onscreen visions of China is written, from Charlie Chan to “House of Cards,” it may be that a turning point came with a film that had almost nothing to do with China at all. Instead, it was one about the Middle East.

從陳查理(Charlie Chan，美國(guó)作家厄爾·德爾·比格斯筆下的華人探長(zhǎng))到《紙牌屋》，在美國(guó)屏幕上中國(guó)形象的歷史上，可能稱作是轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)的是一部幾乎與中國(guó)無關(guān)的電影。相反，它是一部關(guān)于中東的電影。

Representations of China began to appear on the American movie screen in the nineteen-twenties. Back then, the country was generally cast in the role of a beguiling, reflective, and fundamentally dangerous counterpart. In “The Bitter Tea of General Yen” (1933), a warlord on the make casually orders the execution of his captives, then justifies it to his comely American guest as a more humane solution than letting them die of starvation in prison. Consistent with the clichés of the day, the general had a lascivious streak—he foists “sing-song” girls on an American missionary—but he remains a man of depths; he sweetly recites love poems and waxes philosophical to the heroine.

中國(guó)的代表形象最早出現(xiàn)在美國(guó)電影屏幕上是二十世紀(jì)二十年代。當(dāng)時(shí)，中國(guó)通常被扮作是欺騙性的、深思熟慮的、完全危險(xiǎn)的對(duì)應(yīng)人物。在《袁將軍的苦茶》(1933)電影中，追求名利的一名中國(guó)軍閥隨意下令對(duì)他俘虜?shù)姆溉藞?zhí)行死刑，并且還向他清秀的美國(guó)客人證明這是比讓他們?cè)诒O(jiān)獄里餓死更人性化的解決方案。如同當(dāng)時(shí)的陳詞濫調(diào)一樣，這名軍閥也有好色的品性，他蒙騙美國(guó)傳教士的歌女，但他仍然是一個(gè)有深度的人，他也會(huì)溫柔地朗誦愛情詩，或向女主角談?wù)撜軐W(xué)。

To a viewer with no knowledge of China, the country, which was then in a state of upheaval, seemed intrinsically menacing. “No attempt was made to understand why the wars occurred, nor the role of imperialism in precipitating the crisis, which led to the downfall of the Manchu dynasty and the ensuing anarchy,” Richard Oehling, who writes on film and history, observed in an essay. Worse, he noticed, many of the films on the subject “suggest or imply an alien civilization.”

對(duì)于不了解中國(guó)的觀眾來說，當(dāng)時(shí)正處在動(dòng)蕩狀態(tài)中的這個(gè)國(guó)家似乎本質(zhì)上很險(xiǎn)惡。“沒有人試圖去理解為什么會(huì)發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，也沒有提及導(dǎo)致危機(jī)的帝國(guó)主義角色，而這場(chǎng)危機(jī)最終導(dǎo)致了滿清王朝的覆滅和隨之而來的無政府狀態(tài)。”寫電影和歷史評(píng)論的理查德·厄爾林(Richard Oehling)在一篇文章中寫道。他還注意到，更糟的是，很多關(guān)于這一主題的電影“顯示或暗示一種異域文明。”

After a brief interlude around the Second World War, when the role of villain was assigned to Japanese characters, the American renderings of Asia drifted back to China, without much sophistication acquired along the way. There was “The Manchurian Candidate” (brainwashers); Wo Fat, of “Hawaii Five-O” (general turned super-criminal); and Julius No, in James Bond’s “Dr. No” (the “unwanted child of a German missionary and a Chinese girl” who eventually meets his end when he is buried under a giant pile of guano). Rarely were the actors any more genuinely Chinese than the characters. Charlie Chan was played by Warner Oland, a Swede. Wo Fat was portrayed by Khigh Dhiegh, who was a mix of American, Egyptian, and Sudanese.

在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中反派角色被分配給日本這樣一個(gè)短暫的插曲之后，美國(guó)對(duì)亞洲的描繪未經(jīng)多少變化就又回到中國(guó)。比如說《滿洲候選人》(The Manchurian Candidate)中的洗腦者，《天堂執(zhí)法者》(Hawaii Five-O)中的吳法(超級(jí)罪犯)和詹姆斯·邦德的《諾博士》(Dr. No，“一個(gè)德國(guó)傳教士和一個(gè)中國(guó)女孩遺棄的孩子”最終被埋葬在一個(gè)巨大的鳥糞堆而結(jié)束其一生的故事)中的朱利葉斯。這些演員中卻很少有完全符合角色的中國(guó)人。陳查理的扮演者是華納·歐蘭德(Warner Oland)，一個(gè)瑞典人?？坍嬃藚欠ń巧膭t是Khigh Dhiegh，一個(gè)美國(guó)、埃及和蘇丹的混血兒。

A decade and a half after the end of the Cold War, as China’s economy thrust the country into the role of an emerging superpower, the narrative took a new turn. Instead of being depicted as mysterious or thuggish, the Chinese characters in “Syriana” (2005), the Middle East thriller directed by Stephen Gaghan, were framed as formidable, sophisticated opponents. A Chinese delegation seeking natural-gas drilling rights from an Arab prince arrives speaking fluent Arabic, in contrast to Matt Damon’s American energy analyst, who knows only a few pleasantries. As a plot element, it was brief and secondary, but it was unprecedented, as far as I could tell, and it gave way to a new generation of onscreen Chinese villains: in “Batman: The Dark Knight” and the latest Bond, “Skyfall,” in which our hero battles the usual onslaught against spectacular futuristic backdrops in Shanghai and Macau.

冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束十五年后，隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)推動(dòng)該國(guó)成為一個(gè)新興超級(jí)大國(guó)的角色，敘述模式發(fā)生了一個(gè)新的轉(zhuǎn)折。中國(guó)不再被描繪成神秘的或嗜殺成性的，由斯蒂芬·加漢(Stephen Gaghan)導(dǎo)演的中東驚悚片《辛瑞那》(Syriana，2005年)的中國(guó)形象是被構(gòu)建成強(qiáng)大的、老謀深算的對(duì)手。向阿拉伯王子尋求天然氣鉆探權(quán)的中國(guó)代表團(tuán)到達(dá)時(shí)講著一口流利的阿拉伯語，而相比之下，馬特·達(dá)蒙的美國(guó)能源分析師只會(huì)用阿拉伯語寒暄幾句。作為劇情的元素，這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)是短暫而次要的，但卻是前所未有的。據(jù)我所知，舊形象讓位給新一代的熒幕中國(guó)惡棍：在《蝙蝠俠：黑暗騎士》(Batman: The Dark Knight)和最新的邦德電影《007：大破天幕殺機(jī)》(Skyfall)中，美國(guó)英雄依然對(duì)戰(zhàn)來自敵人的猛攻，但卻是在上海和澳門的壯觀的未來主義背景之中。

With the Netflix series “House of Cards” (adapted from the British television show of the same name), the onscreen China has taken another turn. I watched the first season with trepidation: at the time, I was living in Beijing and preparing to move to Washington, D.C. (Are congressmen really lurking in parking garages waiting to snuff each other out?) It’s more relaxing, a year later, to watch Frank Underwood as one of his neighbors. (Members of Congress, it turns out, don’t lurk in parking garages. They Uber.)

在Netflix的美劇《紙牌屋》(改編自英國(guó)電視同名節(jié)目)中，屏幕上的中國(guó)形象已經(jīng)又產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折。我看第一季時(shí)提心吊膽：當(dāng)時(shí)我正住在北京，并準(zhǔn)備搬到華盛頓特區(qū)(難道國(guó)會(huì)議員真的潛伏在車庫(kù)等待著消滅掉對(duì)方了嗎?)一年后看著弗蘭克·安德伍德(《紙牌屋》中凱文·斯派西扮演的一位報(bào)復(fù)心極強(qiáng)的中年議員)成為他的一名鄰居時(shí)真是令人松了一口氣。(事實(shí)證明，國(guó)會(huì)議員并不潛伏在車庫(kù)里。他們都用Uber打車。)

When the “House of Cards” plot turns to China, the themes are contemporary and plausible: cyber espionage, rare earths, territorial disputes, and a cunning, meditative, libertine plutocrat who plays on his connections at the highest ranks in Beijing. By the low standards of cinematic history, the depiction of China rings true enough—the show is a hit, with subtitles, in China—and it does a fine job of capturing a moment in time when it can be difficult to know if a man like the character Xander Feng, the emissary from Beijing, speaks for the leaders whom he purports to represent. Retiring the image of a monolithic Chinese government is one of the show’s innovations.

當(dāng)《紙牌屋》的情節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)向中國(guó)時(shí)，主題是當(dāng)代的且可信的：網(wǎng)絡(luò)間諜，稀土，領(lǐng)土爭(zhēng)端，以及一個(gè)狡猾的、沉思的、放蕩的富豪，后者依靠他在北京高層中的關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)揮作用。按照電影史上的低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來說，對(duì)中國(guó)的描繪足夠真實(shí)——這部美劇(帶字幕)在中國(guó)走紅了——而且它捕捉到了精彩的瞬間，即可能很難知道一個(gè)像角色馮贊德(Xander Feng)這樣的男人，一名來自北京的使者，是否為其所聲稱代表的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)辯護(hù)。放棄完全統(tǒng)一的中國(guó)政府形象是該劇的創(chuàng)新之一。

But, now that we’ve mastered the latest incarnation of the Chinese onscreen villain, maybe the time has come for popular American productions to explore other elements of the modern-day Chinese story: the dramas of aspiration and social mobility; the struggles around identity and patriotism and who speaks for the country; the fights over education, the environment, and employment.

然而，現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)掌握了最新的中國(guó)在熒幕上的惡棍形象，也許已經(jīng)到了美國(guó)流行電影探索現(xiàn)代中國(guó)故事的其他要素的時(shí)候了：關(guān)于抱負(fù)和社會(huì)流動(dòng)的戲劇;圍繞身份、愛國(guó)主義和誰為國(guó)家發(fā)聲的斗爭(zhēng);為教育、環(huán)境和就業(yè)而奮斗。

If those plotlines sound familiar to Americans, they should; never have the engines of middle-class drama in China and America had so much in common. For the moment, though, it’s refreshing to watch a production in which it is the Americans, not the Chinese, who are expected to be beguiling, reflective—and fundamentally dangerous.

如果這些主要情節(jié)在美國(guó)人聽來感到很熟悉的話，事實(shí)也的確如此。中美兩國(guó)的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)戲劇的設(shè)計(jì)從未有過如此多的共同點(diǎn)。雖然就目前而言，看一部由美國(guó)人，而非中國(guó)人扮演欺騙性的、深思熟慮的、完全危險(xiǎn)的角色的劇還是令人耳目一新的。