委內(nèi)瑞拉衛(wèi)生紙稀缺 形成搶購(gòu)狂潮

Venezuelans scrambled to stock up on toilet paper Thursday as fears of a bathroom emergency spread despite the socialist government's promise to import 50 million rolls.

After years of economic dysfunction, the country has gotten used to shortages of medicines and basic food items like milk and sugar but the scarcity of bathroom tissue has caused unusual alarm.

"Even at my age, I've never seen this," said 70-year-old Maria Rojas. She said she had been looking for toilet paper for two weeks when she finally found it at a supermarket in downtown Caracas.

Thousands of rolls flew off the store's shelves as consumers streamed in and loaded up shopping carts Thursday morning.

"I bought it because it's hard to find," said Maria Perez, walking out with several rolls of paper.

"Here there's a shortage of everything — butter, sugar, flour," she said. But the latest shortage is particularly worrisome "because there always used to be toilet paper."

Economists say Venezuela's shortages of some consumer products stem from price controls meant to make basic goods available to the poorest parts of society and the government's controls on foreign currency.

President Nicolas Maduro, who was selected by the dying Hugo Chavez to carry on his "Bolivarian revolution," claims that anti-government forces, including the private sector, are causing the shortages in an effort to destabilize the country.

The government this week announced it would import 760,000 tons of food and 50 million rolls of toilet paper.

Commerce Minister Alejandro Fleming said "excessive demand" for tissue had built up due to a "media campaign that has been generated to disrupt the country."

He said monthly consumption of toilet paper was normally 125 million rolls, but current demand "leads us to think that 40 million more are required."

"We will bring in 50 million to show those groups that they won't make us bow down," he said.

That was little comfort to consumers struggling to find bathroom supplies. Several supermarkets visited by The Associated Press in the capital on Wednesday and Thursday were out of toilet paper. Those that received fresh batches quickly filled up with shoppers as the word spread.

"I've been looking for it for two weeks," Cristina Ramos said at a store on Wednesday. "I was told that they had some here and now I'm in line."

Finance Minister Nelson Merentes said the government was also addressing the lack of foreign currency, which has resulted in the suspension of foreign supplies of raw materials, equipment and spare parts to Venezuelan companies, disrupting their production.

"We are making progress ... we have to work very hard," Merentes told reporters Wednesday.

Many factories operate at half capacity because the currency controls make it hard for them to pay for imported parts and materials. Business leaders say some companies verge on bankruptcy because they cannot extend lines of credit with foreign suppliers.

Merentes said the government had met the U.S. dollar requests of some 1,500 small- and medium-sized companies facing supply problems, and was reviewing requests from a similar number of larger companies.

Chavez imposed currency controls a decade ago trying to stem capital flight as his government expropriated large land parcels and dozens of businesses.

Anointed by Chavez as his successor before the president died from cancer, Maduro won a close presidential election April 14 against opposition candidate Henrique Capriles, who refused to accept the result, claiming Maduro won through fraud and voter intimidation. He filed a complaint to the Supreme Court, asking for the vote to be annulled, though that's highly unlikely to happen since the court is packed with government-friendly justices.

Patience is wearing thin among consumers who face shortages and long lines at supermarkets and pharmacies. Last month, Venezuela's scarcity index reached its highest level since 2009, while the 12-month inflation rate has risen to nearly 30 percent. Shoppers often spend several days looking for basic items, and stock up when they find them.

據(jù)外國(guó)媒體5月16日?qǐng)?bào)道，盡管委內(nèi)瑞拉政府承諾將進(jìn)口76萬(wàn)噸食品和5000萬(wàn)卷衛(wèi)生紙，但其國(guó)人仍然爭(zhēng)相搶購(gòu)衛(wèi)生紙，掃空了商場(chǎng)貨架。

由于經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)能失調(diào)多年，委內(nèi)瑞拉人已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了醫(yī)藥及牛奶和糖這類基礎(chǔ)食品的短缺現(xiàn)象，但是衛(wèi)生紙的稀缺敲響了不同尋常的警鐘。

“就連我這個(gè)年紀(jì)的人也從來(lái)沒有遇到過(guò)這種事。”70歲的瑪麗亞·羅哈斯說(shuō)，她找衛(wèi)生紙找了兩個(gè)星期，終于在加拉加斯市中心的超市找到了。

5月16日早上，消費(fèi)者們涌進(jìn)商場(chǎng)，從貨架上搜羅走數(shù)千卷衛(wèi)生紙，裝進(jìn)購(gòu)物車。

瑪麗亞·佩雷斯拿著幾卷衛(wèi)生紙說(shuō)，“我買衛(wèi)生紙是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在很難找到。我們這里什么都缺——黃油、糖、面粉。”最近的衛(wèi)生紙短缺尤其令人擔(dān)憂，“因?yàn)橐郧耙恢睕]缺過(guò)貨。”

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，是旨在讓最貧窮地區(qū)也能買到基礎(chǔ)商品的價(jià)格控制和政府的外匯管制造成委內(nèi)瑞拉某些消費(fèi)品的短缺。

總統(tǒng)尼古拉斯·馬杜羅聲稱，包括私營(yíng)企業(yè)在內(nèi)的反政府力量是造成物資短缺的原因，其目的是動(dòng)搖國(guó)家的穩(wěn)定。

商務(wù)部長(zhǎng)亞歷杭德羅·弗萊明表示，因?yàn)?ldquo;發(fā)生了擾亂國(guó)家的媒體活動(dòng)”，所以形成對(duì)衛(wèi)生紙的“過(guò)量需求”。在正常情況下，衛(wèi)生紙的消耗量為每月1.25億卷，但是目前的需求“讓我們認(rèn)為還需要4000萬(wàn)卷。”他說(shuō)，“我們將進(jìn)口5000萬(wàn)卷，向那些組織證明，他們不會(huì)使我們屈服。”

但是，這難以安慰努力尋找?guī)闷返南M(fèi)者。15日和16日，記者去過(guò)的首都幾家超市都沒有衛(wèi)生紙了。購(gòu)物者得到商場(chǎng)進(jìn)貨的消息，就會(huì)迅速蜂擁而入。

財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)納爾遜·梅倫德斯(Nelson Merentes)表示，政府也在解決外匯短缺問題。外匯短缺導(dǎo)致國(guó)外暫停向委內(nèi)瑞拉公司供應(yīng)原材料、設(shè)備和零部件，擾亂了企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)秩序。他告訴記者，“我們正在取得進(jìn)展……我們不得不非常努力地工作。”

外匯管制致使許多工廠難以支付進(jìn)口零件和材料，因而半負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。商界領(lǐng)袖們透露，有些公司瀕臨倒閉，因?yàn)樗麄儫o(wú)法擴(kuò)展與外國(guó)供應(yīng)商的信貸額度。

梅倫德斯說(shuō)，政府已經(jīng)滿足了約1500個(gè)面對(duì)供應(yīng)問題的中小型企業(yè)的美元需求，而且正在審核相同數(shù)量大公司的申請(qǐng)。

十年前，查維斯開始實(shí)施外匯管制，試圖在其政府征用大地塊和數(shù)十家企業(yè)時(shí)，阻止資本外逃。

查維斯因患癌癥去世前，選定馬杜羅為繼承人，繼續(xù)進(jìn)行他的“玻利瓦爾革命”。4月14日，馬杜羅在總統(tǒng)選舉中擊敗反對(duì)黨候選人卡普里萊斯(Henrique Capriles)勝出?？ㄆ樟_里萊斯拒絕接受這個(gè)結(jié)果，宣稱馬杜羅通過(guò)欺詐和恐嚇選民獲勝，并向最高法院提起訴訟，請(qǐng)求宣布投票作廢，但是這不可能，因?yàn)榉ㄍダ锒际怯H政府的法官。

面對(duì)物品短缺以及超市和藥房排起的長(zhǎng)隊(duì)，消費(fèi)者的耐心消耗殆盡。上個(gè)月，委內(nèi)瑞拉的稀缺性指數(shù)達(dá)到2009年以來(lái)最高水平，同時(shí)，12個(gè)月的通脹率上升至近30%。如今，購(gòu)物者尋找基礎(chǔ)物品往往需要幾天時(shí)間，一旦找到就會(huì)搶購(gòu)一些囤積起來(lái)。