托福核心詞匯：Methods of Studying Infant Perception

　　Perceptual 知覺(jué)的;感知的

　　原文：In the study of perceptual abilities of infants, a number of techniques are used to determine infants' responses to various stimuli. 在對(duì)嬰兒感知能力的研究中，許多技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于確定嬰兒對(duì)不同刺激的反應(yīng)。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　The confusion seems to be conceptual, not perceptual. 嬰兒面對(duì)的問(wèn)題似乎是概念的，而不是知覺(jué)的。

　　Sketch expression is both perceptual and rational. 素描表現(xiàn)既是感性的也是理性的。

　　Stimuli 刺激;刺激物

　　原文：In the study of perceptual abilities of infants, a number of techniques are used to determine infants' responses to various stimuli. 在對(duì)嬰兒感知能力的研究中，許多技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于確定嬰兒對(duì)不同刺激的反應(yīng)。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　My sweat glands also respond to emotional stimuli. 我的汗腺對(duì)情緒刺激也能產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)。

　　Does the child respond to auditory stimuli? 那孩子對(duì)聲音有反應(yīng)嗎?

　　Questionnaire 問(wèn)卷;調(diào)查表

　　原文：Because they cannot verbalize or fill out questionnaires, indirect techniques of naturalistic observation are used as the primary means of determining what infants can see, hear, feel, and so forth. 由于他們(嬰兒)無(wú)法用言語(yǔ)表達(dá)或者填寫(xiě)問(wèn)卷，所以自然觀察的非直接性技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于確定嬰兒看，聽(tīng)，感知等的要表達(dá)的本意。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　Head teachers will be asked to fill in a questionnaire. 校長(zhǎng)們將被要求完成一份問(wèn)卷調(diào)查。

　　Use a questionnaire to survey find out about attitudes to smoking. 使用問(wèn)卷方式調(diào)查對(duì)吸煙的意見(jiàn)。

　　To complete a questionnaire 填好問(wèn)卷

　　Verbalize用語(yǔ)言表達(dá);嘮叨

　　原文：Because they cannot verbalize or fill out questionnaires, indirect techniques of naturalistic observation are used as the primary means of determining what infants can see, hear, feel, and so forth. 由于他們(嬰兒)無(wú)法用言語(yǔ)表達(dá)或者填寫(xiě)問(wèn)卷，所以自然觀察的非直接性技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于確定嬰兒看，聽(tīng)，感知等的要表達(dá)的本意。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　I find it difficult to verbalize. 我感到難以用言語(yǔ)表達(dá)。

　　This depressed patient does not verbalize. 這位情緒低落的病人不愛(ài)說(shuō)話。

　　Neonate 嬰兒

　　原文：For example, if a uniformly moving pattern of some sort is passed across the visual field of a neonate (newborn), repetitive following movements of the eye occur. 比如說(shuō)，如果一個(gè)移動(dòng)的物體的通過(guò)新生兒的視線『即重復(fù)移動(dòng)眼睛進(jìn)行跟隨發(fā)生的話』。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　Postnatal appearance of the neonate 新生兒的產(chǎn)后表現(xiàn)

　　Fetal distress in related closely to neonate asphyxia. 胎兒窘迫與新生兒窒息密切相關(guān)。(Fetal distress胎兒窘迫)

　　Diffuse 散開(kāi);彌漫

　　原文：Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to get an accurate record of the number of responses. 嬰兒的很多反應(yīng)是發(fā)生的在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)以至于研究人員很難準(zhǔn)確記錄。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　The roses diffuse the scent to the air miles around. 玫瑰花的香味兒彌漫在幾英里的空氣中。

　　The problem is how to diffuse power without creating anarchy. 問(wèn)題在于如何將權(quán)利分散而不造成無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。

　　Potent 有效的;強(qiáng)有力的

　　原文：The third, and most potent, limitation is that it is not possible to be certain that the infant's response was due to the stimulus presented or to a change from no stimulus to a stimulus. 第三點(diǎn)也是最重要的一點(diǎn)，不可能非常明確的說(shuō)嬰兒的反應(yīng)是由現(xiàn)存的刺激或者后產(chǎn)生的刺激所導(dǎo)致的。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　I was convinced by his potent arguments. 他那有力的論據(jù)把我說(shuō)服了。

　　We must take account of his potent influence. 我們必須考慮到他的強(qiáng)有力的影響。

　　Pacifier安撫奶嘴

　　原文：They devised an apparatus that connected a baby's pacifier to a counting device. 他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)出了一個(gè)連接著儀表的嬰兒奶嘴。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　The baby was biting at the pacifier. 那個(gè)嬰兒正朝著奶嘴咬去。

　　Suck 吮吸

　　原文：Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart and respiration rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception. 膜狀嬰兒反射分析，心臟和呼息頻率的穩(wěn)定性和奶嘴被作為高效的工具用于理解嬰兒的感知能力。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　She suck back the juice that was trying to escape. 她吸吮了快要流下來(lái)的汗水。

　　Bees suck honey from flowers. 蜜蜂從花中吸吮了蜜汁。

　　Habituation 適應(yīng);習(xí)慣性

　　原文：The first is the habituation-dishabituation technique. 第一個(gè)就是習(xí)慣非習(xí)慣性技術(shù)。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　Excellence is won by habituation. 讓優(yōu)秀成為一種習(xí)慣。

　　How to prevent from hypnotizing the medicine habituation? 如何預(yù)防催眠藥物成癮?

　　Olfactory 嗅覺(jué)的

　　原文：The habituation-dishabituation paradigm has been used most extensively with studies of auditory and olfactory perception in infants. 這種習(xí)慣于非習(xí)慣的實(shí)驗(yàn)被廣泛應(yīng)用與聽(tīng)覺(jué)與嗅覺(jué)的嬰兒感知研究上。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　It arouses their olfactory sense. 這喚起了他們的嗅覺(jué)。

　　Repellency is not confined to the olfactory senses. 防護(hù)性不知限于嗅覺(jué)器官。(Repellency抵抗性)

　　Paradigm 范例

　　原文：The habituation-dishabituation paradigm has been used most extensively with studies of auditory and olfactory perception in infants. 這種習(xí)慣于非習(xí)慣的實(shí)驗(yàn)被廣泛應(yīng)用與聽(tīng)覺(jué)與嗅覺(jué)的嬰兒感知研究上。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　He had become the paradigm of the successful man. 他已經(jīng)成為成功人士的典范。

　　This episode may serve as a paradigm. 這一插曲可以充作典型例子。

　　Auditory 聽(tīng)覺(jué)的

　　原文：The habituation-dishabituation paradigm has been used most extensively with studies of auditory and olfactory perception in infants. 這種習(xí)慣于非習(xí)慣的實(shí)驗(yàn)被廣泛應(yīng)用與聽(tīng)覺(jué)與嗅覺(jué)的嬰兒感知研究上。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　Finally he overcame the auditory difficulties by three year’s efforts. 通過(guò)三年的努力，他最終克服了聽(tīng)覺(jué)中困難。

　　Does the child respond to auditory stimuli? 那孩子對(duì)聲音有反應(yīng)嗎?

　　Preceding 在前的;前面的

　　原文：Each of the preceding techniques provides the researcher with evidence that the infant can detect or discriminate between stimuli. 以上所說(shuō)的每一種技術(shù)都可以給研究者提供關(guān)于嬰兒能夠探知或區(qū)別刺激的依據(jù)。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　The preface to this book is on the preceding page. 前邊一頁(yè)是這本書(shū)的序言。

　　Each generation surpasses the preceding one. 一代更比一代強(qiáng)。

　　Sophisticated 精致的;復(fù)雜的;有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的

　　原文：Observational assessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing the limitations just presented. 觀察評(píng)估技術(shù)變得更加復(fù)雜，所受的限制也在減少。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　This is a very sophisticated machine. 這是一臺(tái)非常精密的機(jī)器。

　　Bob is a sophisticated world traveler. 鮑勃是一位老練的環(huán)球旅行家。

　　Discriminate 區(qū)別;辨別

　　原文：Each of the preceding techniques provides the researcher with evidence that the infant can detect or discriminate between stimuli. 以上所說(shuō)的每一種技術(shù)都可以給研究者提供關(guān)于嬰兒能夠探知或區(qū)別刺激的依據(jù)。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　How can he discriminate the real painting from the false one? 他怎么能把真畫(huà)和假畫(huà)分辨出來(lái)呢?

　　You must learn to discriminate between facts and opinions. 你必須學(xué)會(huì)把事實(shí)和看法區(qū)分出來(lái)。

　　Forth 向前;向外

　　原文：Because they cannot verbalize or fill out questionnaires, indirect techniques of naturalistic observation are used as the primary means of determining what infants can see, hear, feel, and so forth. 由于他們(嬰兒)無(wú)法用言語(yǔ)表達(dá)或者填寫(xiě)問(wèn)卷，所以自然觀察的非直接性技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于確定嬰兒看，聽(tīng)，感知等的要表達(dá)的本意。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　They set forth at dawn. 他們?cè)诶杳鲿r(shí)出發(fā)。

　　He went forth upon a journey to far land. 他到一個(gè)很遠(yuǎn)的地方旅行。

　　So forth 等等