texas是德州?那就沒(méi)法和挪威人溝通了！

To most of the world,Texas is known as a big state in southernAmerica.

世界上大多數(shù)人都知道德克薩斯州是位于美國(guó)南部的一個(gè)大州。

But to Norwegians, it is also a word that frequently crops up ineveryday conversation - often in the phrase "Der var helttexas!" [That was very completely/totally texas!].

但是，對(duì)挪威人而言，它也是日常交談時(shí)常說(shuō)的一個(gè)詞，經(jīng)常是這樣說(shuō)的“Der var helt texas!”(這實(shí)在是太瘋狂了!)

The word is slang for "crazy" or "wild" and is used to refer to a chaotic atmosphere, TexasMonthly first reported.

據(jù)《德克薩斯月刊》報(bào)道，這個(gè)詞是個(gè)俚語(yǔ)，指“瘋狂”或“狂熱”，用于指一種混亂的氛圍。

It became part of the language when Norwegians started watching cowboy movies and readingWestern literature, according to Daniel Gusfre Ims, the head of the advisory service at theLanguage Council of Norway.

挪威語(yǔ)言學(xué)會(huì)首席顧問(wèn)埃米斯表示，當(dāng)挪威人開(kāi)始觀(guān)看牛仔電影、閱讀西方文學(xué)時(shí)，這個(gè)詞就成為了當(dāng)?shù)卣Z(yǔ)言中的一部分。

"The genre was extremely popular inNorway, and a lot of it featuredTexas, so the word became asymbol of something lawless and without control," he says.

他說(shuō)：“當(dāng)時(shí)，那種西部文學(xué)在挪威很受歡迎，而且多數(shù)都講的是“德克薩斯州”的故事，因此“texas”這個(gè)詞就變成了無(wú)法無(wú)天、缺乏秩序的指代詞。”

Its first usage dates back to 1957, when it appeared in a novel by Vegard Vigerust called The Boywho wanted to buy Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. The author writes "he would make iteven more texas in the village?".

1957年，挪威小說(shuō)家維吉爾斯特在《男孩》(The Boy )一書(shū)中首次使用了這個(gè)詞，書(shū)中的男孩想要買(mǎi)下挪威廣播公司，他在書(shū)中寫(xiě)道，“他會(huì)把整個(gè)村弄得更加“texas”嗎?”。

Nowadays, the word is widespread all overNorway. It's frequently used in the phrase "helt texas" [completely crazy], which has appeared in Norwegian newspapers 50 times this year, he says.

現(xiàn)在，這個(gè)詞在挪威各地廣泛使用。它常見(jiàn)于短語(yǔ)“helt texas(完全瘋狂)”中，埃米斯表示，今年這個(gè)詞已經(jīng)在挪威的報(bào)紙上出現(xiàn)50余次了。

It's often used negatively, but not always. "It could be a party out of control, a class out ofcontrol, or traffic. It could also be used by someone who had sold many products," he says.

它常見(jiàn)于負(fù)面含義，但不總是如此。埃米斯說(shuō)：“它可以指場(chǎng)面混亂的派對(duì)、失控的課堂或混亂的交通。而它也可用于描述銷(xiāo)售人員業(yè)績(jī)長(zhǎng)虹”。

Gusfre Ims says this language phenomenon - metonymy, where a thing or concept is called notby its own name, but by another name which is associated with it - is pretty common in Norway,and language generally.

埃米斯表示，這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象是轉(zhuǎn)喻，指人們把一個(gè)事物或概念換至另一個(gè)與之相關(guān)的名稱(chēng)，這在是一種普遍的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，在挪威很常見(jiàn)。

Norwegians also use the term "hawaiifootball" to describe an "out-of-control" match, he says. Theword "klondike", a region inCanadaassociated with the gold rush, is used to describe economicexpansion, and also has a hint of something going out of control.

埃米斯表示，挪威人還用“夏威夷美式足球(hawaii football)”表示一場(chǎng)失控的比賽。“克朗代克(klondike)”原指加拿大以淘金熱聞名的地區(qū)，而現(xiàn)在，挪威人用它來(lái)描述經(jīng)濟(jì)蓬勃發(fā)展，或是有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)失控。

He also points to terms such as "Armageddon" and "champagne".

埃米斯還談到一些詞匯，如“末日審判(Armageddon)” “香檳(champagne)”。

"People don't mean the place in the Bible, or the area inFrance," he says.

他說(shuō)：“人們用到這些詞時(shí)并不是指《圣經(jīng)》中世界末日善惡決斗的終極戰(zhàn)場(chǎng);說(shuō)香檳也不是指法國(guó)的一個(gè)地區(qū)”。

Erin McKean, the founder of the online dictionary Wordnik, agrees that words are often adoptedinto language in this way.

線(xiàn)上字典Wordnik的創(chuàng)辦人麥克金表示，詞匯常以此方式被用于語(yǔ)言。

"I'm not surprised Norwegians would use this kind of geography to convey a quality. This is howwe make language - emphasing one aspect of the word, or using metaphors," she says.

她說(shuō)：“我不訝異挪威人用地名來(lái)表示代替該地的某種特質(zhì)。因?yàn)?，這就是我們創(chuàng)造語(yǔ)言的方式，即強(qiáng)調(diào)詞的一方面或使用隱喻”。

McKean says there are plenty of examples of the English language using perceived characteristicsof people from other places, which is a common occurrence with neighbouring countries.

麥克金表示，有很多例子表明，英文也常用一些其他地方的民族特色詞匯，周邊國(guó)家這樣的現(xiàn)象也很常見(jiàn)。

"Dutch courage is associated with having to drink to be courageous. A Dutch treat [when peoplepay for their own share of an expense] isn't exactly a treat. We talk about taking French leave, oran Irish goodbye.

“荷蘭人的勇氣(Dutch courage)”與喝酒壯膽有關(guān)，而“荷蘭人請(qǐng)客(a Dutch treat)”真正指的不是一頓免費(fèi)大餐，而是各付己帳。還有，我們會(huì)用French leave或an Irish goodbye表示不辭而別。

"The closest thing to we probably have to 'texas' inAmericais berserk from the Norse warriors, butthat's apparently Icelandic, although disputed," she says.

麥克金說(shuō)：“在美國(guó)，語(yǔ)言借用中跟挪威人用texas最接近的可能是berserk，這個(gè)詞來(lái)源于古代挪威戰(zhàn)士，但很顯然是冰島語(yǔ)，不過(guò)還有爭(zhēng)議”。

McKean says people tend to take these expressions with a pinch of salt.

麥克金表示，人們往往對(duì)這些說(shuō)法半信半疑。

"I think Americans think the Norwegian texas thing is quite funny. Texans like to think ofthemselves as larger than life and extreme in some way - and it's a short hop from extreme tocrazy," she says.

她說(shuō)：“我認(rèn)為美國(guó)人會(huì)覺(jué)得挪威人用texas這事兒挺有趣的。德克薩斯州人認(rèn)為自己都很出眾、在某些方面走極端，而極端與瘋狂也相去不遠(yuǎn)”。

Anne Ekern, of the Norwegian consulate inHouston, agrees.

挪威駐休士頓領(lǐng)事愛(ài)克兒同意麥克金的說(shuō)法。

"The reactions we have had, have been on the positive side," she says.

愛(ài)克兒說(shuō)：“據(jù)我們所知，迄今為止，(美國(guó)人)的反應(yīng)都是正面的”。

But Gusfre Ims wants to reassure any Texans in doubt.

然而，埃米斯還是想消除德克薩斯人的疑慮。

"What Norwegians think aboutTexashas nothing to do with the expression. We knowTexasis not alawless society. It's just a fixed phrase," he says.

埃米斯說(shuō)：“挪威人對(duì)德克薩斯州的看法與這個(gè)詞的用法無(wú)關(guān)。我們知道德克薩斯州不是缺乏法制之邦，這只是一個(gè)慣用語(yǔ)而已”。